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| Another Spying Scandal Adds to Political Crisis for Merkel | Another Spying Scandal Adds to Political Crisis for Merkel |
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| BERLIN — Eleven years ago, as the Iraq war raged, the National Security Agency quietly turned over to its German counterpart a sprawling electronic spying station in the Bavarian town of Bad Aibling. The transfer came with a deal: In consultation with the Americans, German spies would continue operating the station to intercept communications in Europe and the Middle East, sharing what they picked up. | BERLIN — Eleven years ago, as the Iraq war raged, the National Security Agency quietly turned over to its German counterpart a sprawling electronic spying station in the Bavarian town of Bad Aibling. The transfer came with a deal: In consultation with the Americans, German spies would continue operating the station to intercept communications in Europe and the Middle East, sharing what they picked up. |
| Now, after a month of intelligence leaks, awkward telephone calls between top aides to President Obama and Chancellor Angela Merkel of Germany, and efforts by an investigatory committee here to force the government to turn over reams of data about what spying Germany did at America’s bidding, Washington and Berlin are again at loggerheads, their third blowup over intelligence in less than two years. | |
| This time, Ms. Merkel’s critics accuse her of being the N.S.A.’s lap dog, and her intelligence services of perhaps facilitating spying on at least two European companies, the European Aeronautic Defense and Space Company and Eurocopter. Both are part of what is now the Airbus Group. | This time, Ms. Merkel’s critics accuse her of being the N.S.A.’s lap dog, and her intelligence services of perhaps facilitating spying on at least two European companies, the European Aeronautic Defense and Space Company and Eurocopter. Both are part of what is now the Airbus Group. |
| Adding to the political pressure on Ms. Merkel, emails between American and German officials have been leaked, all but confirming that the much-publicized effort of 2013-14 to create a set of rules that would halt any American snooping on German soil was largely a sham. | Adding to the political pressure on Ms. Merkel, emails between American and German officials have been leaked, all but confirming that the much-publicized effort of 2013-14 to create a set of rules that would halt any American snooping on German soil was largely a sham. |
| Aides to Ms. Merkel and other German politicians had promised that such an agreement limiting American spying targets would be reached. The Germans optimistically called them “no spy” rules; the Americans considered them impossible from the start. | Aides to Ms. Merkel and other German politicians had promised that such an agreement limiting American spying targets would be reached. The Germans optimistically called them “no spy” rules; the Americans considered them impossible from the start. |
| For Ms. Merkel, who has argued that the partnership with the United States is essential to fighting Islamic extremism, the situation highlights the practical and political difficulties of disentangling intelligence relationships between the two countries. | For Ms. Merkel, who has argued that the partnership with the United States is essential to fighting Islamic extremism, the situation highlights the practical and political difficulties of disentangling intelligence relationships between the two countries. |
| In 2013, after documents released by Edward J. Snowden strongly suggested that the N.S.A. had been tapping Ms. Merkel’s personal cellphone for a decade, Ms. Merkel seemed to be the victim of American spying overreach. Last summer, tensions flared again, and Ms. Merkel’s government expelled the C.I.A. station chief in Germany after Berlin said it found evidence of American spies recruiting at least one German official. | In 2013, after documents released by Edward J. Snowden strongly suggested that the N.S.A. had been tapping Ms. Merkel’s personal cellphone for a decade, Ms. Merkel seemed to be the victim of American spying overreach. Last summer, tensions flared again, and Ms. Merkel’s government expelled the C.I.A. station chief in Germany after Berlin said it found evidence of American spies recruiting at least one German official. |
| This time is different. With German officials now being called to answer to parliamentary committees almost daily — the head of the foreign intelligence service, known as the BND, was to testify in a parliamentary inquiry into N.S.A. activities on Thursday — and Ms. Merkel’s inability to strike an intelligence deal increasingly evident, the pressure on her and her allies is mounting. | This time is different. With German officials now being called to answer to parliamentary committees almost daily — the head of the foreign intelligence service, known as the BND, was to testify in a parliamentary inquiry into N.S.A. activities on Thursday — and Ms. Merkel’s inability to strike an intelligence deal increasingly evident, the pressure on her and her allies is mounting. |
| Mr. Obama is planning to attend a Group of 7 summit meeting on June 7 and 8 at a Bavarian castle about 70 miles from the old N.S.A. station. In the days before his arrival, Ms. Merkel is on the defensive, under pressure even from partners in her coalition government to hand over a list of thousands of search terms and other “selectors” the N.S.A. is said to have given to German intelligence officials to conduct electronic monitoring. | Mr. Obama is planning to attend a Group of 7 summit meeting on June 7 and 8 at a Bavarian castle about 70 miles from the old N.S.A. station. In the days before his arrival, Ms. Merkel is on the defensive, under pressure even from partners in her coalition government to hand over a list of thousands of search terms and other “selectors” the N.S.A. is said to have given to German intelligence officials to conduct electronic monitoring. |
| American officials have declined to discuss the latest allegations of spying on German companies, other than to provide assurances that the work the N.S.A. asked Germany to do at Bad Aibling did not violate the American ban on industrial espionage. | American officials have declined to discuss the latest allegations of spying on German companies, other than to provide assurances that the work the N.S.A. asked Germany to do at Bad Aibling did not violate the American ban on industrial espionage. |
| The officials would not confirm whether conversations or emails at the companies had been intercepted, but they have hinted at a pressing national security issue, perhaps counterespionage investigations, at a time when Russian and Chinese hackers and other spies are seeking defense technologies. | The officials would not confirm whether conversations or emails at the companies had been intercepted, but they have hinted at a pressing national security issue, perhaps counterespionage investigations, at a time when Russian and Chinese hackers and other spies are seeking defense technologies. |
| In conversations between Mr. Obama’s chief of staff, Denis R. McDonough, and the head of Ms. Merkel’s office, Peter Altmaier, the Obama administration has indicated that the information is secret for a reason. | |
| Parliamentary committees are unlikely to see a list of selectors. Other information they received, including emails between German officials and their National Security Council counterparts in the White House from 2013, were leaked to the German news media. | Parliamentary committees are unlikely to see a list of selectors. Other information they received, including emails between German officials and their National Security Council counterparts in the White House from 2013, were leaked to the German news media. |
| Moreover, American officials, eager to put the Snowden revelations behind them after two years, said that helping Ms. Merkel by producing a list of spying targets could create a perilous precedent for other countries to make similar demands. | Moreover, American officials, eager to put the Snowden revelations behind them after two years, said that helping Ms. Merkel by producing a list of spying targets could create a perilous precedent for other countries to make similar demands. |
| That has left Ms. Merkel with little to offer but broad statements about the importance of intelligence cooperation at a time when Europeans are concerned about potential attacks by Islamic extremists. | That has left Ms. Merkel with little to offer but broad statements about the importance of intelligence cooperation at a time when Europeans are concerned about potential attacks by Islamic extremists. |
| Her adversaries — and some coalition partners — detecting a chance to embarrass and weaken her, have seized on Germans’ concerns about privacy and civil liberties, an issue that resonates in a country with a Nazi and Communist past. (Mr. Obama halted the practice of tapping Ms. Merkel’s cellphone after she reminded him that she had grown up under the Stasi, the East German secret service.) | Her adversaries — and some coalition partners — detecting a chance to embarrass and weaken her, have seized on Germans’ concerns about privacy and civil liberties, an issue that resonates in a country with a Nazi and Communist past. (Mr. Obama halted the practice of tapping Ms. Merkel’s cellphone after she reminded him that she had grown up under the Stasi, the East German secret service.) |
| Hans-Georg Maassen, the head of Germany’s domestic intelligence service, said last week that cooperation with Washington could suffer. | Hans-Georg Maassen, the head of Germany’s domestic intelligence service, said last week that cooperation with Washington could suffer. |
| “When, over months and months, secret documents repeatedly become public, then I worry that the Americans will be more hesitant to supply information,” Mr. Maassen warned, adding that the situation would hurt Germany’s security. And so far, he continued, there is “no proof that American intelligence services are spying on top German companies.” | |
| “The Americans were, are and remain a very important partner for us,” he told a security conference in Berlin this month. | “The Americans were, are and remain a very important partner for us,” he told a security conference in Berlin this month. |
| The head of the foreign affairs committee in the German Parliament, Norbert Röttgen, who just returned from Washington, acknowledged that German oversight of secret services could be more robust, but he warned that it would not happen if lawmakers could not keep confidential information to themselves. | The head of the foreign affairs committee in the German Parliament, Norbert Röttgen, who just returned from Washington, acknowledged that German oversight of secret services could be more robust, but he warned that it would not happen if lawmakers could not keep confidential information to themselves. |
| “If we can’t manage that in Germany, then we have a problem,” he said. | “If we can’t manage that in Germany, then we have a problem,” he said. |
| Concerns about American spying prompted Germany this month to reduce its cooperation with the N.S.A., sources said. Berlin has limited surveillance to telephone contacts and halted collection using search terms, Internet Protocol addresses or other web-based data, the sources said. | Concerns about American spying prompted Germany this month to reduce its cooperation with the N.S.A., sources said. Berlin has limited surveillance to telephone contacts and halted collection using search terms, Internet Protocol addresses or other web-based data, the sources said. |
| Intelligence officials caution that it is not easy to disrupt cooperation, and it is not clear how the German move to cut cooperation is affecting day-to-day intelligence operations or national security. | Intelligence officials caution that it is not easy to disrupt cooperation, and it is not clear how the German move to cut cooperation is affecting day-to-day intelligence operations or national security. |
| Douglas Frantz, the American assistant secretary of state for public affairs, who visited Berlin last week, referred briefly to the uproar. | Douglas Frantz, the American assistant secretary of state for public affairs, who visited Berlin last week, referred briefly to the uproar. |
| “We need to find the right spot in our relationship with Germany,” he said, referring to balancing tensions between surveillance and civil liberties. “Cooperation shouldn’t be held hostage to what people are calling a scandal.” | “We need to find the right spot in our relationship with Germany,” he said, referring to balancing tensions between surveillance and civil liberties. “Cooperation shouldn’t be held hostage to what people are calling a scandal.” |
| The German newspaper Süddeutsche Zeitung and the public broadcasters WDR and NDR added to the debate this month with coverage of large parts of the email exchanges about reaching a “no spy” agreement. | The German newspaper Süddeutsche Zeitung and the public broadcasters WDR and NDR added to the debate this month with coverage of large parts of the email exchanges about reaching a “no spy” agreement. |
| The exchanges started in the summer of 2013, with Ms. Merkel’s top foreign policy adviser worrying that the Snowden revelations could affect her re-election bid in September that year. The adviser, Christoph Heusgen, conveyed to Karen Donfried, who was senior director for European affairs at the National Security Council at the time, that “this issue remains crucial in turbulent domestic times at a critical juncture.” | The exchanges started in the summer of 2013, with Ms. Merkel’s top foreign policy adviser worrying that the Snowden revelations could affect her re-election bid in September that year. The adviser, Christoph Heusgen, conveyed to Karen Donfried, who was senior director for European affairs at the National Security Council at the time, that “this issue remains crucial in turbulent domestic times at a critical juncture.” |
| Ms. Donfried replied that “everyone here understands the very difficult position the chancellor is in” and “wants to do our very best to be helpful.” | Ms. Donfried replied that “everyone here understands the very difficult position the chancellor is in” and “wants to do our very best to be helpful.” |
| Over July and August, however, the only concrete action on the “no spy” issue was the cancellation of a 1968 agreement between Britain, Germany and the United States on intelligence sharing — an outdated and largely irrelevant document. | Over July and August, however, the only concrete action on the “no spy” issue was the cancellation of a 1968 agreement between Britain, Germany and the United States on intelligence sharing — an outdated and largely irrelevant document. |
| Senior German officials visited Washington early in August 2013. A confidential summary of their conclusions, seen by The New York Times and mentioned in the Süddeutsche Zeitung, cited James R. Clapper Jr., then director of national intelligence, as mentioning a possible working group to study a broad intelligence agreement with the Germans, similar to the memorandum governing the Bad Aibling operation. He emphasized, however, that this was a political decision, and not his to make. | Senior German officials visited Washington early in August 2013. A confidential summary of their conclusions, seen by The New York Times and mentioned in the Süddeutsche Zeitung, cited James R. Clapper Jr., then director of national intelligence, as mentioning a possible working group to study a broad intelligence agreement with the Germans, similar to the memorandum governing the Bad Aibling operation. He emphasized, however, that this was a political decision, and not his to make. |
| Within days, Ronald Pofalla, head of Ms. Merkel’s office at the time, assured reporters that the controversy, known in Germany as the N.S.A. affair, was “off the table.” | Within days, Ronald Pofalla, head of Ms. Merkel’s office at the time, assured reporters that the controversy, known in Germany as the N.S.A. affair, was “off the table.” |
| Senior politicians started talking of a “no spy” accord, despite explicit warnings from the Americans that nothing concrete had been agreed. Mr. Heusgen reported to Ms. Donfried that Mr. Pofalla, after meeting lawmakers with oversight of intelligence services, had “succeeded in calming down the different storms.” | Senior politicians started talking of a “no spy” accord, despite explicit warnings from the Americans that nothing concrete had been agreed. Mr. Heusgen reported to Ms. Donfried that Mr. Pofalla, after meeting lawmakers with oversight of intelligence services, had “succeeded in calming down the different storms.” |
| “Media and opposition have retreated,” he continued, “but you never know what comes up next.” | “Media and opposition have retreated,” he continued, “but you never know what comes up next.” |
| “It would be great,” he added, “if you could somehow give your public blessing to the start” of talks on an N.S.A.-BND agreement. | “It would be great,” he added, “if you could somehow give your public blessing to the start” of talks on an N.S.A.-BND agreement. |
| By January 2014, several email exchanges later, it was clear to Berlin that no such accord would emerge. | By January 2014, several email exchanges later, it was clear to Berlin that no such accord would emerge. |
| “As you know,” Mr. Heusgen wrote to Ms. Donfried on Jan. 9, 2014, “we started the exercise with a view to conclude a ‘no spy agreement.’ (I promise not to use the term again in the future.) We have realized that this objective will not be reached.” | “As you know,” Mr. Heusgen wrote to Ms. Donfried on Jan. 9, 2014, “we started the exercise with a view to conclude a ‘no spy agreement.’ (I promise not to use the term again in the future.) We have realized that this objective will not be reached.” |