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| A-Z: Britain's Tory-Lib Dem coalition government | A-Z: Britain's Tory-Lib Dem coalition government |
| (1 day later) | |
| A is for arguments | A is for arguments |
| Perhaps the remarkable thing about the coalition is how few truly earth-shaking ding-dongs there have been. Compared with the Blair-Brown rivalry, the relationship between David Cameron and George Osborne has been blissfully serene, and the PM has revealed that when they argue it is always behind closed doors. All the big coalition policies have been signed off by the “quad” – Cameron and Osborne plus the Lib Dem leader, Nick Clegg, and the chief secretary to the Treasury, Danny Alexander. Of course, there were some enjoyable spats. Theresa May v Michael Gove over extremism in schools, Vince Cable v Osborne over austerity and Osborne v Iain Duncan Smith over the latter’s alleged intellectual shortcomings. | Perhaps the remarkable thing about the coalition is how few truly earth-shaking ding-dongs there have been. Compared with the Blair-Brown rivalry, the relationship between David Cameron and George Osborne has been blissfully serene, and the PM has revealed that when they argue it is always behind closed doors. All the big coalition policies have been signed off by the “quad” – Cameron and Osborne plus the Lib Dem leader, Nick Clegg, and the chief secretary to the Treasury, Danny Alexander. Of course, there were some enjoyable spats. Theresa May v Michael Gove over extremism in schools, Vince Cable v Osborne over austerity and Osborne v Iain Duncan Smith over the latter’s alleged intellectual shortcomings. |
| B is for border (north of) | B is for border (north of) |
| At the start of this parliament, Labour took it for granted that Scotland would deliver them a bucketload of Westminster seats in 2015, but the 2011 Holyrood election was a wakeup call. Alex Salmond’s SNP swept to victory, increasing its vote share by 13 points and delivering the first majority government since devolution. That surge was also helped by the collapse of the Lib Dem vote, a trend set to continue in May, when polls suggest the party will lose all but one of its Scottish seats. | At the start of this parliament, Labour took it for granted that Scotland would deliver them a bucketload of Westminster seats in 2015, but the 2011 Holyrood election was a wakeup call. Alex Salmond’s SNP swept to victory, increasing its vote share by 13 points and delivering the first majority government since devolution. That surge was also helped by the collapse of the Lib Dem vote, a trend set to continue in May, when polls suggest the party will lose all but one of its Scottish seats. |
| C is for Cleggmania | C is for Cleggmania |
| Ah, the heady days of 2010. So strong was the “Clegg bounce” from the leaders’ debates, in which both Cameron and Gordon Brown found themselves saying “I agree with Nick”, that the Lib Dems briefly overtook Labour in nationwide opinion polling that April. Within two months of striking a deal with the Conservatives, however, their rating had fallen from more than 30% to 15%. Now the party would be ecstatic with a poll that put them above 10%. | Ah, the heady days of 2010. So strong was the “Clegg bounce” from the leaders’ debates, in which both Cameron and Gordon Brown found themselves saying “I agree with Nick”, that the Lib Dems briefly overtook Labour in nationwide opinion polling that April. Within two months of striking a deal with the Conservatives, however, their rating had fallen from more than 30% to 15%. Now the party would be ecstatic with a poll that put them above 10%. |
| D is for doughnut | D is for doughnut |
| After jibes from Labour about the paucity of female representation on the Tory frontbench - at one point there were more men who went to Magdalen College, Oxford attending cabinet than women - Cameron adopted a strategy called “the doughnut”. For PMQs, a group of female MPs would surround him, ensuring the TV cameras didn’t capture a sea of suits. | After jibes from Labour about the paucity of female representation on the Tory frontbench - at one point there were more men who went to Magdalen College, Oxford attending cabinet than women - Cameron adopted a strategy called “the doughnut”. For PMQs, a group of female MPs would surround him, ensuring the TV cameras didn’t capture a sea of suits. |
| E is for equal marriage | E is for equal marriage |
| In the first televised debate, Ed Miliband named gay marriage as one of two Cameron policies he admired. The other was a commitment to foreign aid. It is remarkable that in just over three decades, the Tories went from outlawing “the promotion of homosexuality” in schools to watching their leader declare in 2011: “I don’t support gay marriage despite being a Conservative. I support gay marriage because I’m a Conservative.” | In the first televised debate, Ed Miliband named gay marriage as one of two Cameron policies he admired. The other was a commitment to foreign aid. It is remarkable that in just over three decades, the Tories went from outlawing “the promotion of homosexuality” in schools to watching their leader declare in 2011: “I don’t support gay marriage despite being a Conservative. I support gay marriage because I’m a Conservative.” |
| F is for first past the post | F is for first past the post |
| Britain’s electoral system was designed to return “strong” majority governments with a clear mandate, in contrast to alternative vote (AV) or proportional representation, which encourages coalitions and lets in MPs from fringe parties. Somehow, FPTP has broken. In 2010, neither Labour nor the Tories could have passed a budget without Lib Dem support. This time, it’s possible that the leading party might need two coalition partners to repeat the feat. Ironically, the Tories would probably do better on 7 May if we had AV, the system they campaigned so strongly against in 2011, because they would receive more second-preferences from Ukip voters. | Britain’s electoral system was designed to return “strong” majority governments with a clear mandate, in contrast to alternative vote (AV) or proportional representation, which encourages coalitions and lets in MPs from fringe parties. Somehow, FPTP has broken. In 2010, neither Labour nor the Tories could have passed a budget without Lib Dem support. This time, it’s possible that the leading party might need two coalition partners to repeat the feat. Ironically, the Tories would probably do better on 7 May if we had AV, the system they campaigned so strongly against in 2011, because they would receive more second-preferences from Ukip voters. |
| G is for “green crap” | G is for “green crap” |
| In 2006, a fresh-faced Dave was pictured sledding across Svalbard in Norway with some adorably photogenic huskies. It was part of his modernisation project, dragging the party from a default suspicion of the existence of climate change towards becoming what he described in May 2010 as “the greenest government ever”. Unfortunately, with little money to spend and few votes to be won from environmentalism, the huskies have remained unhugged for several years now. The nadir came in November 2013, when the PM was quoted by the Sun telling aides to “get rid of all the green crap”, for which read environmental levies, to bring down energy bills. | In 2006, a fresh-faced Dave was pictured sledding across Svalbard in Norway with some adorably photogenic huskies. It was part of his modernisation project, dragging the party from a default suspicion of the existence of climate change towards becoming what he described in May 2010 as “the greenest government ever”. Unfortunately, with little money to spend and few votes to be won from environmentalism, the huskies have remained unhugged for several years now. The nadir came in November 2013, when the PM was quoted by the Sun telling aides to “get rid of all the green crap”, for which read environmental levies, to bring down energy bills. |
| H is for hackgate | H is for hackgate |
| If the defining scandal of the last parliament was dodgy expenses claims, this time it was the imprisonment of Cameron’s former director of communications Andy Coulson for his involvement in phone hacking at the News of the World. By the time of Coulson’s conviction, the damage to the PM was “priced in”, but the affair still produced several casualties, including Rupert Murdoch’s bid for full control of BSkyB. | If the defining scandal of the last parliament was dodgy expenses claims, this time it was the imprisonment of Cameron’s former director of communications Andy Coulson for his involvement in phone hacking at the News of the World. By the time of Coulson’s conviction, the damage to the PM was “priced in”, but the affair still produced several casualties, including Rupert Murdoch’s bid for full control of BSkyB. |
| I is for Iron Lady | I is for Iron Lady |
| The death of Margaret Thatcher in April 2013 put rightwing newspapers on high alert for any signs of disrespect. In the end, there were surprisingly few effigy-burnings, but in recognition of her divisive leadership, the Iron Lady did not receive a state funeral. Thatcher’s legacy still motivates younger Conservative MPs. In 2012 a group of free marketeers, including Priti Patel, Liz Truss and Kwasi Kwarteng, published a neo-Thatcherite manifesto called Britannia Unchained. | The death of Margaret Thatcher in April 2013 put rightwing newspapers on high alert for any signs of disrespect. In the end, there were surprisingly few effigy-burnings, but in recognition of her divisive leadership, the Iron Lady did not receive a state funeral. Thatcher’s legacy still motivates younger Conservative MPs. In 2012 a group of free marketeers, including Priti Patel, Liz Truss and Kwasi Kwarteng, published a neo-Thatcherite manifesto called Britannia Unchained. |
| J is for John (Bercow) | J is for John (Bercow) |
| The Speaker has been a controversial figure this parliament. John Bercow is a moderniser. He turned up in his first day wearing a suit rather than the traditional robes, and oversaw the conversion of Bellamy’s bar into a creche. He also granted more urgent questions than his predecessors, summoning ministers to the Commons to account for their actions. He has made enemies, and on the final day of parliament, the leader of the house, William Hague, tried to make it easier to stop his reappointment by instituting a secret ballot. The bill failed. | The Speaker has been a controversial figure this parliament. John Bercow is a moderniser. He turned up in his first day wearing a suit rather than the traditional robes, and oversaw the conversion of Bellamy’s bar into a creche. He also granted more urgent questions than his predecessors, summoning ministers to the Commons to account for their actions. He has made enemies, and on the final day of parliament, the leader of the house, William Hague, tried to make it easier to stop his reappointment by instituting a secret ballot. The bill failed. |
| K is for kippers | K is for kippers |
| The rise of the people’s army (© Nigel Farage) has been one of the big political stories of the last decade. Ukip attracted just 3.5% of the vote in 2010, and failed to send a single MP to Westminster. In the early part of the parliament, the party’s main effect was to push the Conservatives to the right. Cameron went from ruling out a referendum on EU membership in 2012 to promising one in the next parliament. Then in late 2014, Ukip made an electoral breakthrough by convincing Tories Douglas Carswell then Mark Reckless to defect. The Conservatives’ big hope now is a decapitation strategy – beat Farage in Thanet and force his resignation as party leader. | The rise of the people’s army (© Nigel Farage) has been one of the big political stories of the last decade. Ukip attracted just 3.5% of the vote in 2010, and failed to send a single MP to Westminster. In the early part of the parliament, the party’s main effect was to push the Conservatives to the right. Cameron went from ruling out a referendum on EU membership in 2012 to promising one in the next parliament. Then in late 2014, Ukip made an electoral breakthrough by convincing Tories Douglas Carswell then Mark Reckless to defect. The Conservatives’ big hope now is a decapitation strategy – beat Farage in Thanet and force his resignation as party leader. |
| L is for long-term economic plan | L is for long-term economic plan |
| This is the Tory mantra for the election campaign, but always remember - this long-term economic plan isn’t the same one they were talking about in 2010. Back then, George Osborne promised to eliminate the deficit within one parliament by pursuing austerity policies and shrinking state expenditure. The deficit target has now been deferred until the next parliament, and the chancellor only achieved positive GDP figures in recent months by turning to stimulus measures such as the help-to-buy scheme. | This is the Tory mantra for the election campaign, but always remember - this long-term economic plan isn’t the same one they were talking about in 2010. Back then, George Osborne promised to eliminate the deficit within one parliament by pursuing austerity policies and shrinking state expenditure. The deficit target has now been deferred until the next parliament, and the chancellor only achieved positive GDP figures in recent months by turning to stimulus measures such as the help-to-buy scheme. |
| M is for Michael Green | M is for Michael Green |
| … otherwise known as the Tory party chairman, Grant Shapps. Over the past few years, revelations have dribbled out about his double life as an internet marketing guru. Even after becoming an MP, Shapps made money by hawking eyebrow-raising get-rich-quick strategies under the name Michael Green. He even threatened to sue a constituent who questioned his activities, although that went quiet after a photo was discovered of him at a sales conference wearing a name badge that read, er … Michael Green. Shapps later said he had “over firmly” denied using the pseudonym. | … otherwise known as the Tory party chairman, Grant Shapps. Over the past few years, revelations have dribbled out about his double life as an internet marketing guru. Even after becoming an MP, Shapps made money by hawking eyebrow-raising get-rich-quick strategies under the name Michael Green. He even threatened to sue a constituent who questioned his activities, although that went quiet after a photo was discovered of him at a sales conference wearing a name badge that read, er … Michael Green. Shapps later said he had “over firmly” denied using the pseudonym. |
| N is for northern powerhouse | N is for northern powerhouse |
| After being booed at the Paralympics in 2012 – in front of his children, no less – George Osborne decided to confront his unpopularity head-on. Or rather, hard hat-on. He invested in a hi-vis jacket and set about touring brick factories and building sites to dispel the impression that he spent his free time shooting peasants and finding new ways to slash the welfare bill. Part of his pitch was the idea of a northern powerhouse, including greater powers for cities such as Manchester and better infrastructure and transport links. | After being booed at the Paralympics in 2012 – in front of his children, no less – George Osborne decided to confront his unpopularity head-on. Or rather, hard hat-on. He invested in a hi-vis jacket and set about touring brick factories and building sites to dispel the impression that he spent his free time shooting peasants and finding new ways to slash the welfare bill. Part of his pitch was the idea of a northern powerhouse, including greater powers for cities such as Manchester and better infrastructure and transport links. |
| O is for One Direction | O is for One Direction |
| Forget the departure of Zayn Malik. For Clegg’s party, the one direction they worry about is that of their poll ratings. The glow from Cleggmania was short lived, fulfilling Angela Merkel’s sombre prediction that in a coalition “the little party always gets crushed”. The disillusionment of leftwing Lib Dems gifted Labour their only significant new block of support in the last five years, and might be enough to put Ed Miliband in Downing Street. | Forget the departure of Zayn Malik. For Clegg’s party, the one direction they worry about is that of their poll ratings. The glow from Cleggmania was short lived, fulfilling Angela Merkel’s sombre prediction that in a coalition “the little party always gets crushed”. The disillusionment of leftwing Lib Dems gifted Labour their only significant new block of support in the last five years, and might be enough to put Ed Miliband in Downing Street. |
| P is for personalised numberplate | P is for personalised numberplate |
| If the downfall of Chris Huhne were a Shakespearean tragedy, his tragic flaw would be hubris. What more evidence do you need than the fact that when the Lib Dem cabinet minister was caught speeding, an offence for which he persuaded his then wife Vicky Pryce to take the rap, his car carried the personalised numberplate H11HNE? Even worse, after his disgrace, Huhne agreed to let Grayson Perry capture his identity in a portrait. The result was a broken vase adorned with a repeated motif of personalised numberplates and penises. | If the downfall of Chris Huhne were a Shakespearean tragedy, his tragic flaw would be hubris. What more evidence do you need than the fact that when the Lib Dem cabinet minister was caught speeding, an offence for which he persuaded his then wife Vicky Pryce to take the rap, his car carried the personalised numberplate H11HNE? Even worse, after his disgrace, Huhne agreed to let Grayson Perry capture his identity in a portrait. The result was a broken vase adorned with a repeated motif of personalised numberplates and penises. |
| Q is for Queen’s speech | Q is for Queen’s speech |
| The test for any government is whether it can pass one of these, outlining its plans for the parliamentary session ahead. One of the unexpected effects of coalition is that the prime minister has been able to secure sweeping reforms that he might not have been able to get past his own backbenchers had he been governing with a small overall majority. In the last five years, the government has launched universal credit, the bedroom tax and the free schools programme, reorganised the NHS and cut legal aid. | The test for any government is whether it can pass one of these, outlining its plans for the parliamentary session ahead. One of the unexpected effects of coalition is that the prime minister has been able to secure sweeping reforms that he might not have been able to get past his own backbenchers had he been governing with a small overall majority. In the last five years, the government has launched universal credit, the bedroom tax and the free schools programme, reorganised the NHS and cut legal aid. |
| R is for rose garden | R is for rose garden |
| The first appearance of Cameron and Clegg after agreeing the coalition deal, blushing like a young couple in love, has come to be known as “the rose garden moment”. This is particularly weird, as Downing Street doesn’t have a rose garden – or at least, its half-acre plot has never been called that. The White House has one, so that’s probably where West Wing-obsessed hacks got the idea. Sarah Brown created a vegetable patch there, and the Camerons have installed a play area for their children. Members of the public are occasionally offered the chance to gawk at it thanks to the Open Squares initiative. | The first appearance of Cameron and Clegg after agreeing the coalition deal, blushing like a young couple in love, has come to be known as “the rose garden moment”. This is particularly weird, as Downing Street doesn’t have a rose garden – or at least, its half-acre plot has never been called that. The White House has one, so that’s probably where West Wing-obsessed hacks got the idea. Sarah Brown created a vegetable patch there, and the Camerons have installed a play area for their children. Members of the public are occasionally offered the chance to gawk at it thanks to the Open Squares initiative. |
| S is for Syria | S is for Syria |
| The vote on joining US strikes against Bashar al-Assad, who was accused of using chemical weapons against his own people, was perhaps the most dramatic moment in the Commons in the last half-decade. Thirty Tories and nine Lib Dems voted against the government’s motion, prompting its defeat by 285 votes to 272. In earlier eras, the loss of such a resolution would have been regarded as a vote of no-confidence vote in the prime minister. | The vote on joining US strikes against Bashar al-Assad, who was accused of using chemical weapons against his own people, was perhaps the most dramatic moment in the Commons in the last half-decade. Thirty Tories and nine Lib Dems voted against the government’s motion, prompting its defeat by 285 votes to 272. In earlier eras, the loss of such a resolution would have been regarded as a vote of no-confidence vote in the prime minister. |
| T is for top-down reorganisation | T is for top-down reorganisation |
| In a speech at the Royal College of Pathologists in 2009, Cameron said: “With the Conservatives there will be no more of the tiresome, meddlesome, top-down restructures that have dominated the last decade of the NHS.” Oops! Perhaps he added in the “no” because, on entering government Andrew Lansley promptly embarked on a tiresome, meddlesome top-down restructure of the NHS. Senior Tories now admit it was a mistake, perhaps explaining why the party took all pre-2010 speeches off their website two years ago. | In a speech at the Royal College of Pathologists in 2009, Cameron said: “With the Conservatives there will be no more of the tiresome, meddlesome, top-down restructures that have dominated the last decade of the NHS.” Oops! Perhaps he added in the “no” because, on entering government Andrew Lansley promptly embarked on a tiresome, meddlesome top-down restructure of the NHS. Senior Tories now admit it was a mistake, perhaps explaining why the party took all pre-2010 speeches off their website two years ago. |
| U is for universal credit | U is for universal credit |
| This was memorably described by the former Blair adviser Philip Collins as Iain Duncan Smith’s tribute to the Sagrada Familia, the great Gaudí cathedral in Barcelona which perpetually seems to be five years from completion. Universal credit’s aims are laudable, combining a complex welter of benefits into a single payment , but it has been plagued by practical problems. The planned nationwide rollout has been pushed back, and Department of Work and Pensions officials have received more than one scalding look from Margaret Hodge at public accounts committee hearings into its progress. | This was memorably described by the former Blair adviser Philip Collins as Iain Duncan Smith’s tribute to the Sagrada Familia, the great Gaudí cathedral in Barcelona which perpetually seems to be five years from completion. Universal credit’s aims are laudable, combining a complex welter of benefits into a single payment , but it has been plagued by practical problems. The planned nationwide rollout has been pushed back, and Department of Work and Pensions officials have received more than one scalding look from Margaret Hodge at public accounts committee hearings into its progress. |
| V is for vagina tax | V is for vagina tax |
| … otherwise known as the campaign to reduce VAT on tampons. One of the best anecdotes from Damian McBride’s book about his time as Gordon Brown’s spin doctor is that in 2000, after heavy lobbying from female Labour MPs, Brown agreed to stop classing sanitary products as luxury items with a 17.5% VAT rate. He was too embarrassed, however, to say “tampon” during the budget, and the cut to a 5% rate had to be sneaked out in the accompanying documents. The issue came up again at Facebook’s ask the leaders event, when Cameron was asked why tampons couldn’t be zero-rated. Blame European regulations, he said. Somehow, it’s hard to see this particular grievance making it to the front of the Ukip manifesto. | … otherwise known as the campaign to reduce VAT on tampons. One of the best anecdotes from Damian McBride’s book about his time as Gordon Brown’s spin doctor is that in 2000, after heavy lobbying from female Labour MPs, Brown agreed to stop classing sanitary products as luxury items with a 17.5% VAT rate. He was too embarrassed, however, to say “tampon” during the budget, and the cut to a 5% rate had to be sneaked out in the accompanying documents. The issue came up again at Facebook’s ask the leaders event, when Cameron was asked why tampons couldn’t be zero-rated. Blame European regulations, he said. Somehow, it’s hard to see this particular grievance making it to the front of the Ukip manifesto. |
| W is for WC | W is for WC |
| As education secretary, Michael Gove loved two things - winding up the teaching unions and carrying out junior Frank Underwood-style plotting. So in July 2014, with school reform in full swing but damaged by its association with Gove, Cameron removed him from the job and made him chief whip, in charge of party discipline. Unfortunately, on his first day, he trapped himself in the loo and nearly missed a vote. According to Labour’s Angela Eagle, Gove “managed to get stuck in the toilet in the wrong lobby and he nearly broke his own whip”. Sounds painful. | As education secretary, Michael Gove loved two things - winding up the teaching unions and carrying out junior Frank Underwood-style plotting. So in July 2014, with school reform in full swing but damaged by its association with Gove, Cameron removed him from the job and made him chief whip, in charge of party discipline. Unfortunately, on his first day, he trapped himself in the loo and nearly missed a vote. According to Labour’s Angela Eagle, Gove “managed to get stuck in the toilet in the wrong lobby and he nearly broke his own whip”. Sounds painful. |
| X is for xenophobia | X is for xenophobia |
| The financial crisis created widespread economic insecurity in Britain, and it was accompanied by a rise in inflammatory rhetoric about immigration. In 2013, after a speech by Cameron decried “benefit tourism”, the European commissioner László Andor rebuked him, saying: “There is a serious risk of pandering to kneejerk xenophobia. Blaming poor people or migrants for hardships at the time of economic crisis is not entirely unknown, but it is not intelligent politics in my view.” The irony is that the economic growth Britain has enjoyed in the last few quarters is partially because Cameron spectacularly missed his target of getting net migration down to the “tens of thousands” in this parliament. | The financial crisis created widespread economic insecurity in Britain, and it was accompanied by a rise in inflammatory rhetoric about immigration. In 2013, after a speech by Cameron decried “benefit tourism”, the European commissioner László Andor rebuked him, saying: “There is a serious risk of pandering to kneejerk xenophobia. Blaming poor people or migrants for hardships at the time of economic crisis is not entirely unknown, but it is not intelligent politics in my view.” The irony is that the economic growth Britain has enjoyed in the last few quarters is partially because Cameron spectacularly missed his target of getting net migration down to the “tens of thousands” in this parliament. |
| Y is for YouTube | Y is for YouTube |
| The video platform owned by Google is the best place to relive classic moments in British politics. Thatcher’s 1990 “No! No! No!” speech has been watched 1.5m times, while the auto-tuned version of Clegg’s apology over tuition fees got 2.8m viewers. CassetteBoy’s remixes of political speeches regularly get nearly 5m. The site has also become an election battleground. The Tories have got around rules forbidding political advertising on TV by running attack ads before videos on YouTube. The sophisticated Google tracking algorithms that power the site mean they can even target these ads at voters in marginal constituencies. | The video platform owned by Google is the best place to relive classic moments in British politics. Thatcher’s 1990 “No! No! No!” speech has been watched 1.5m times, while the auto-tuned version of Clegg’s apology over tuition fees got 2.8m viewers. CassetteBoy’s remixes of political speeches regularly get nearly 5m. The site has also become an election battleground. The Tories have got around rules forbidding political advertising on TV by running attack ads before videos on YouTube. The sophisticated Google tracking algorithms that power the site mean they can even target these ads at voters in marginal constituencies. |
| Z is for zero-hours contracts | Z is for zero-hours contracts |
| When interrogated by Jeremy Paxman last week, Cameron was forced to admit that he couldn’t live on a zero-hours contract, under which employees are not guaranteed a minimum amount of work in a week. The PM has recently started to see the danger of an increasingly insecure workforce, pledging in his 2014 party conference speech to ban exclusive zero-hours contracts: “When companies employ staff on zero-hours contracts and then stop them from getting work elsewhere, that’s not a free market. It is a fixed market.” Labour now wants to go further, and ban all “exploitative” zero-hours contracts. | |
| Helen Lewis is deputy editor of the New Statesman | Helen Lewis is deputy editor of the New Statesman |
| • This article was amended on 31 March 2015 to clarify that the Labour party has said it will ban “exploitative” zero-hours contracts, rather than all zero-hours contracts. |
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