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| Coffee 'raises miscarriage risk' | Coffee 'raises miscarriage risk' |
| (9 minutes later) | |
| Pregnant women should consider avoiding caffeine, say researchers who found even moderate consumption in early pregnancy raises the miscarriage risk. | Pregnant women should consider avoiding caffeine, say researchers who found even moderate consumption in early pregnancy raises the miscarriage risk. |
| Currently, the Food Standards Agency sets an upper limit during pregnancy of 300mg - or four cups of coffee a day. | Currently, the Food Standards Agency sets an upper limit during pregnancy of 300mg - or four cups of coffee a day. |
| But an American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology study found more than 200mg of caffeine a day doubled the risk compared to abstainers. | But an American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology study found more than 200mg of caffeine a day doubled the risk compared to abstainers. |
| Experts said they would review the data to see if advice needed changing. | Experts said they would review the data to see if advice needed changing. |
| Women probably should consider stopping caffeine consumption during pregnancy Study author Dr Li | Women probably should consider stopping caffeine consumption during pregnancy Study author Dr Li |
| Pat O'Brien, consultant obstetrician and spokesman for the Royal College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists, said based on the findings he would now be advising women in their first 12 weeks of pregnancy to abstain from caffeine altogether. | Pat O'Brien, consultant obstetrician and spokesman for the Royal College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists, said based on the findings he would now be advising women in their first 12 weeks of pregnancy to abstain from caffeine altogether. |
| "The first 12 weeks is a very vulnerable time for the baby. It's when most miscarriages occur," he explained. | "The first 12 weeks is a very vulnerable time for the baby. It's when most miscarriages occur," he explained. |
| He said most women in early pregnancy went off the taste of caffeinated drinks anyway and so should not find abstaining from them too difficult. | He said most women in early pregnancy went off the taste of caffeinated drinks anyway and so should not find abstaining from them too difficult. |
| But he said it was unclear whether pregnant women needed to avoid caffeine in later pregnancy. | But he said it was unclear whether pregnant women needed to avoid caffeine in later pregnancy. |
| Miscarriage risk | Miscarriage risk |
| An estimated one in five pregnancies in the UK will end in miscarriage, affecting around 250,000 women in the UK every year. | An estimated one in five pregnancies in the UK will end in miscarriage, affecting around 250,000 women in the UK every year. |
| There are a number of well-established risk factors, such as increased maternal age, a previous history of miscarriage, and infertility. | There are a number of well-established risk factors, such as increased maternal age, a previous history of miscarriage, and infertility. |
| But the causes of the majority of miscarriages are not fully understood. | But the causes of the majority of miscarriages are not fully understood. |
| Caffeine has been mooted as a risk factor before, but studies have yielded conflicting results. | Caffeine has been mooted as a risk factor before, but studies have yielded conflicting results. |
| For the latest research, Dr De-Kun Li and colleagues at the Kaiser Permanente Division of Research, studied 1,063 women who had become pregnant in the last month or two. | For the latest research, Dr De-Kun Li and colleagues at the Kaiser Permanente Division of Research, studied 1,063 women who had become pregnant in the last month or two. |
| 300 mg of caffeine is roughly equivalent to: Four average cups or three average mugs of instant coffeeThree average cups of brewed coffeeSix average cups of teaEight cans of regular cola drinksFour cans of so-called "energy" drinks400g (eight standard 50g bars) of normal chocolate Caffeine content in a cup of tea or coffee varies by different brands and brewing methods | 300 mg of caffeine is roughly equivalent to: Four average cups or three average mugs of instant coffeeThree average cups of brewed coffeeSix average cups of teaEight cans of regular cola drinksFour cans of so-called "energy" drinks400g (eight standard 50g bars) of normal chocolate Caffeine content in a cup of tea or coffee varies by different brands and brewing methods |
| Source: Food Standards Agency | Source: Food Standards Agency |
| They asked the women to provide a detailed diary about their caffeine intake up to their 20th week of pregnancy. | They asked the women to provide a detailed diary about their caffeine intake up to their 20th week of pregnancy. |
| When they compared this information with how many of the women had miscarried by 20 weeks gestation, 172 of the women in total, they found a link. | When they compared this information with how many of the women had miscarried by 20 weeks gestation, 172 of the women in total, they found a link. |
| Compared with non-users, women who consumed up to 200mg of caffeine a day had an increased risk of miscarriage - 15% versus 12%. | Compared with non-users, women who consumed up to 200mg of caffeine a day had an increased risk of miscarriage - 15% versus 12%. |
| For women who drank more than 200mg, the risk increased to 25%. | For women who drank more than 200mg, the risk increased to 25%. |
| Abstinence | Abstinence |
| The increased risk appeared to be related to the caffeine itself, rather than other coffee ingredients because other caffeinated beverages such as tea and hot chocolate showed a similar trend to coffee. | The increased risk appeared to be related to the caffeine itself, rather than other coffee ingredients because other caffeinated beverages such as tea and hot chocolate showed a similar trend to coffee. |
| Caffeine is able to cross the placenta to the foetus, but it is not clear what affect this has on the growing baby. | Caffeine is able to cross the placenta to the foetus, but it is not clear what affect this has on the growing baby. |
| Dr Li said: "The main message for pregnant women from these findings is that they probably should consider stopping caffeine consumption during pregnancy." | Dr Li said: "The main message for pregnant women from these findings is that they probably should consider stopping caffeine consumption during pregnancy." |
| HAVE YOUR SAYI don't believe all this modern rubbish about what you should and shouldn't consume during pregnancyJanet, Romford, UKSend us your comments | |
| Zoe Wheeldon from the British Coffee Association said the latest research, although well designed and robust, did not change the current Food Standards Agency recommendation of a safe upper limit of 300mg of caffeine per day for pregnant women. | Zoe Wheeldon from the British Coffee Association said the latest research, although well designed and robust, did not change the current Food Standards Agency recommendation of a safe upper limit of 300mg of caffeine per day for pregnant women. |
| "This evidence must be reviewed in conjunction with existing research and it is important to review all the available data rather than taking one study in isolation." | "This evidence must be reviewed in conjunction with existing research and it is important to review all the available data rather than taking one study in isolation." |
| A spokesman from the Food Standards Agency said: "In order to provide a more robust basis for the FSA's advice to pregnant women on caffeine consumption, an FSA-funded study, involving around 2,500 pregnant women, was commissioned in 2003. | A spokesman from the Food Standards Agency said: "In order to provide a more robust basis for the FSA's advice to pregnant women on caffeine consumption, an FSA-funded study, involving around 2,500 pregnant women, was commissioned in 2003. |
| "This is almost complete and the results will be presented to the Committee On Toxicity in closed session for consideration. | "This is almost complete and the results will be presented to the Committee On Toxicity in closed session for consideration. |
| "We will ask the committee to also look at this new American study. When the committee has reached conclusions the agency will, if appropriate, revise its advice on caffeine consumption in pregnancy." | "We will ask the committee to also look at this new American study. When the committee has reached conclusions the agency will, if appropriate, revise its advice on caffeine consumption in pregnancy." |