China scraps quotas on rare earths after WTO complaint

http://www.theguardian.com/world/2015/jan/05/china-scraps-quotas-rare-earth-wto-complaint

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China has scrapped its export quotas for rare earths, minerals used in mobile phones and other high-tech products, after losing a World Trade Organisation case brought by Washington and other trading partners over controls that alarmed global technology producers.

The change was included in the Ministry of Commerce’s trade guidelines for 2015 but there was no separate announcement. Under the new guidelines, rare earths will require an export licence but the amount that can be sold abroad will no longer be covered by a quota.

China’s curbs, imposed in 2009, prompted concern about supplies for global technology producers. They led to efforts to reopen or develop new mines in the US and elsewhere, and by Japan and some other countries to recycle rare earths.

China has about 30% of global deposits of rare earths but accounts for more than 90% of production. It imposed export limits while it tried to build up domestic manufacturers to capture more of the profits that go to western and Japanese producers of mobile phone batteries and other products.

Beijing cited the need to conserve a dwindling resource and limit environmental damage from mining but imposed no restrictions on production and use of rare earths by companies within China.

Chinese officials have expressed hope foreign manufacturers that use rare earths will shift production to China and give technology to local partners.

The US challenged the quotas in 2012 in a WTO complaint and later was joined by the EU, Japan and other governments. They said China violated its free trade commitments by limiting access to raw materials.

Rare earths are 17 minerals used to make goods including hybrid cars, weapons, flat-screen TVs, mobile phones, mercury-vapour lights and camera lenses.

The US supplied its own rare earths needs from domestic sources until the late 1990s. Production ended after low-cost Chinese ores flooded global markets.

Beijing also tightened control over its rare earths industry by pushing companies to merge into state-owned groups and forcing smaller producers to close.

The export controls were especially sensitive at a time following the 2008 financial crisis when governments were trying to boost exports to reduce unemployment. The US and Europe want to increase sales of high-tech goods that include products made with rare earths.

China exported 22,493 tons of rare earths in 2013 and 22,224 tons in the first ten months of 2014, according to customs data reported by state media.

The Chinese restrictions prompted some foreign manufacturers to shift to alternative materials for making magnets, polishing camera lenses and other uses.

The market price of rare earths spiked in 2011 amid fears of shortages. Prices have declined since then but are above 2010 levels.

One of the minerals, dysprosium oxide, costs $265 (£173) per kg ($120.50 per lb), about one-quarter its 2011 level of $994.33 per kilogram ($452 per lb). But it still is about 50% above its 2010 level of $166.48 per kg ($75.67 per pound).