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| What are zoos for? | What are zoos for? |
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| By Tom Geoghegan BBC News Magazine A zoo in Germany has refused to help two polar bear cubs who were rejected by their mother and are now believed to have been eaten by her. So if zoos won't help to save the lives of animals, what are they for? | By Tom Geoghegan BBC News Magazine A zoo in Germany has refused to help two polar bear cubs who were rejected by their mother and are now believed to have been eaten by her. So if zoos won't help to save the lives of animals, what are they for? |
| The time when visitors to British zoos enjoyed watching chimpanzees drink high tea has long gone. | The time when visitors to British zoos enjoyed watching chimpanzees drink high tea has long gone. |
| After much soul-searching, today's zoos are no longer a showcase for exotic animals, rather places for conservation, education and interaction. But not always saving animal life, it would appear. | After much soul-searching, today's zoos are no longer a showcase for exotic animals, rather places for conservation, education and interaction. But not always saving animal life, it would appear. |
| Despite a storm of protest a zoo in Nuremberg, Germany, has resisted helping an adult polar bear Vilma to rear her baby cubs and officials there think she may have now eaten them. | Despite a storm of protest a zoo in Nuremberg, Germany, has resisted helping an adult polar bear Vilma to rear her baby cubs and officials there think she may have now eaten them. |
| The authorities insisted nature should be allowed to take its course and were keen to avoid the kind of global publicity given to Knut, a bear hand-reared at Berlin Zoo last year. | The authorities insisted nature should be allowed to take its course and were keen to avoid the kind of global publicity given to Knut, a bear hand-reared at Berlin Zoo last year. |
| URSUS MARITIMUS are the largest land carnivores and live for up to 25 yearsspend most of their time on Arctic ice floesare the most likely species to kill humans for foodcan smell a carcass 32km awayKnut (above) appeared on the cover of Vanity Fair New Germany polar bear test However, critics point out that "nature" can't take its course in such an artificial environment - Nuremberg is not the Arctic, after all. And Vilma's offspring would have stood no better chance of survival had they been born in the UK. The British and Irish Association of Zoos and Aquariums backs Nuremberg to the hilt - and shares the same policy. | URSUS MARITIMUS are the largest land carnivores and live for up to 25 yearsspend most of their time on Arctic ice floesare the most likely species to kill humans for foodcan smell a carcass 32km awayKnut (above) appeared on the cover of Vanity Fair New Germany polar bear test However, critics point out that "nature" can't take its course in such an artificial environment - Nuremberg is not the Arctic, after all. And Vilma's offspring would have stood no better chance of survival had they been born in the UK. The British and Irish Association of Zoos and Aquariums backs Nuremberg to the hilt - and shares the same policy. |
| Its director Miranda Stevenson sets out the current practice: animals are only hand-reared by humans if there is a chance they can be re-introduced to the wild as soon as possible afterwards, with their natural behaviour characteristics retained. | Its director Miranda Stevenson sets out the current practice: animals are only hand-reared by humans if there is a chance they can be re-introduced to the wild as soon as possible afterwards, with their natural behaviour characteristics retained. |
| "Primates can be hand-reared and returned to their own species but with polar bears it is impossible because they are solitary animals and it would be impossible to re-introduce a young polar bear cub to an adult because it would be killed. The mother rears its own cubs and is programmed to kill other cubs." | "Primates can be hand-reared and returned to their own species but with polar bears it is impossible because they are solitary animals and it would be impossible to re-introduce a young polar bear cub to an adult because it would be killed. The mother rears its own cubs and is programmed to kill other cubs." |
| Another reason not to intervene is that mothers in some species do not rear their first litter because they lack experience and don't know what to do. By going through that process - letting nature take its course - they are more likely to raise their second. | Another reason not to intervene is that mothers in some species do not rear their first litter because they lack experience and don't know what to do. By going through that process - letting nature take its course - they are more likely to raise their second. |
| "It's a common dilemma. What zoos try to do is parent-rear. Hand-rearing isn't as obvious an option as it was 20 to 30 years ago." | "It's a common dilemma. What zoos try to do is parent-rear. Hand-rearing isn't as obvious an option as it was 20 to 30 years ago." |
| Charisma | Charisma |
| There's also a practical issue of a limited amount of "good zoo space" for such big and potentially dangerous animals, she says, and while it may seem odd to let an animal within its care die, the policy is thinking what is best in the long-term. | There's also a practical issue of a limited amount of "good zoo space" for such big and potentially dangerous animals, she says, and while it may seem odd to let an animal within its care die, the policy is thinking what is best in the long-term. |
| Polar bears are very charismatic beasts and command more media attention than, say, lemurs. Such affection will only have increased since their incarnation as wise guardians in the Philip Pullman-inspired film The Golden Compass. | Polar bears are very charismatic beasts and command more media attention than, say, lemurs. Such affection will only have increased since their incarnation as wise guardians in the Philip Pullman-inspired film The Golden Compass. |
| The UK's only polar bear, Mercedes, lives in Edinburgh Zoo. She gave birth to two cubs, in 1988 and 1991, and reared them herself before they were given to other zoos for breeding programmes. | |
| Being hand-reared they [some species] could forever be slightly removed from the rest of their kind Charlotte Uhlenbroek Nuremberg's stance has surprised conservationists such as Charlotte Uhlenbroek. She is uncomfortable with polar bears being held in zoos and believes it's "mad" to say events should unfold according to nature in an enclosure so far removed from their natural habitat. | Being hand-reared they [some species] could forever be slightly removed from the rest of their kind Charlotte Uhlenbroek Nuremberg's stance has surprised conservationists such as Charlotte Uhlenbroek. She is uncomfortable with polar bears being held in zoos and believes it's "mad" to say events should unfold according to nature in an enclosure so far removed from their natural habitat. |
| The zoo has probably learnt from experience that hand-rearing a polar bear leaves it with the question of what to do with a large, semi-tame animal, says the zoologist, because it's difficult to get captive polar bears to reproduce. | The zoo has probably learnt from experience that hand-rearing a polar bear leaves it with the question of what to do with a large, semi-tame animal, says the zoologist, because it's difficult to get captive polar bears to reproduce. |
| However, she thinks hand-rearing can help save very endangered species and it can work for smaller primates like lemurs going back to the wild. But there are risks. | However, she thinks hand-rearing can help save very endangered species and it can work for smaller primates like lemurs going back to the wild. But there are risks. |
| "If they're a social animal they have to become part of a social group and being hand-reared they could forever be slightly removed from the rest of their kind which would seem rather pointless." | "If they're a social animal they have to become part of a social group and being hand-reared they could forever be slightly removed from the rest of their kind which would seem rather pointless." |
| Neurosis | Neurosis |
| Professor Andrew Linzey, director of the Oxford Centre for Animal Ethics, says the real story is the plight of animals in zoos and Nuremberg is further evidence of the harm they cause. | Professor Andrew Linzey, director of the Oxford Centre for Animal Ethics, says the real story is the plight of animals in zoos and Nuremberg is further evidence of the harm they cause. |
| Polar bears are mythologised "When we've taken over their lives, made them dependent on us, and submitted them to an unnatural regime, we have a special moral responsibility for them," he says. | Polar bears are mythologised "When we've taken over their lives, made them dependent on us, and submitted them to an unnatural regime, we have a special moral responsibility for them," he says. |
| "The creation of dependency always involves direct duties. It's implausible to argue that just because it happens in nature, we should allow it to happen in an environment where we have artificially made them dependent on us," he adds. | "The creation of dependency always involves direct duties. It's implausible to argue that just because it happens in nature, we should allow it to happen in an environment where we have artificially made them dependent on us," he adds. |
| "If you really like polar bears and care for them and think they are an important part of the ecosystem then help to preserve their natural habitat. Zoos actually make a miniscule contribution to conservation." | "If you really like polar bears and care for them and think they are an important part of the ecosystem then help to preserve their natural habitat. Zoos actually make a miniscule contribution to conservation." |
| And they make polar bears neurotic, says Daniel Turner of the Born Free foundation, which campaigns against zoos. They pace up and down their enclosures, bobbing their heads and twisting their necks, he says. | And they make polar bears neurotic, says Daniel Turner of the Born Free foundation, which campaigns against zoos. They pace up and down their enclosures, bobbing their heads and twisting their necks, he says. |
| "The problem is that the zoos have been allowed to play God with the animals and they shouldn't be doing that. It should be a privilege to keep these animals and not a business. | "The problem is that the zoos have been allowed to play God with the animals and they shouldn't be doing that. It should be a privilege to keep these animals and not a business. |
| London Zoo has changed since 1920"Unfortunately there are zoos, and the best we can hope for is that the animals are well cared for and the public be guaranteed the zoos are going to look after them for life." | London Zoo has changed since 1920"Unfortunately there are zoos, and the best we can hope for is that the animals are well cared for and the public be guaranteed the zoos are going to look after them for life." |
| Despite a Europe-wide intensive breeding programme, few species and no polar bears are ever reintroduced to the wild from zoos. | Despite a Europe-wide intensive breeding programme, few species and no polar bears are ever reintroduced to the wild from zoos. |
| And two macaques at Newquay Zoo were controversially put down in November because they were fighting, he says. Abroad, tigers have been known to fall into the hands of taxidermists. | And two macaques at Newquay Zoo were controversially put down in November because they were fighting, he says. Abroad, tigers have been known to fall into the hands of taxidermists. |
| Mr Turner questions how much zoos have really changed over the years. | Mr Turner questions how much zoos have really changed over the years. |
| "They've taken away the concrete and bars and put in wood and glass but the size of the enclosures is the same." Add your comments on this story, using the form below. | "They've taken away the concrete and bars and put in wood and glass but the size of the enclosures is the same." Add your comments on this story, using the form below. |
| The only argument justifying the existence of zoos, and in my view it is a fairly tenuous argument, is the conservation of certain species and the possible return of animals to the wild. This approach towards "letting nature run its course" is not only absurd (how natural is a zoo enclosure?) it negates entirely the conservation argument. Piers Dalgarno, Belfast | |
| Given the bears would never be released anyway, why not hand-raise them and give them to other zoos so that fewer are taken from the wild?Mat Hague, Sofia, Bulgaria | |
| While I accept that zoos can do only a little to conserve natural world, I see no use whatsoever of anti-zoo activists. A year ago Berlin zoo was attacked for hand-raising a polar bear cub. Now Nurnberg zoo is attacked for not hand-raising a cub. And yes, zoos are attacked for feeding meat to their predators. Maybe zoo critics could tell how many species and habitats THEY saved?Jerzy, | |