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| Black hole 'bully' blasts galaxy | Black hole 'bully' blasts galaxy |
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| A powerful jet of particles from a "supermassive" black hole has been seen blasting a nearby galaxy, according to the US space agency (Nasa). | A powerful jet of particles from a "supermassive" black hole has been seen blasting a nearby galaxy, according to the US space agency (Nasa). |
| Galaxies have been seen colliding before, but this form of galactic violence is rarely witnessed by astronomers. | Galaxies have been seen colliding before, but this form of galactic violence is rarely witnessed by astronomers. |
| The jet could have a profound effect on any planets in the jet's path and could also trigger a burst of star formation. | The jet could have a profound effect on any planets in the jet's path and could also trigger a burst of star formation. |
| The findings are to be published in the Astrophysical Journal. | The findings are to be published in the Astrophysical Journal. |
| They were obtained using Nasa's space-based Chandra X-ray Observatory, its Hubble Space Telescope, and Spitzer Space Telescope, as well as the Very Large Array (VLA) and Merlin radio telescopes on the ground. | They were obtained using Nasa's space-based Chandra X-ray Observatory, its Hubble Space Telescope, and Spitzer Space Telescope, as well as the Very Large Array (VLA) and Merlin radio telescopes on the ground. |
| It is like a black hole bully, punching the nose of a passing galaxy Neil Tyson, Hayden Planetarium The event took place in a system called 3C321, which lies 1.4 billion light-years from Earth. It contains two galaxies in orbit around one another which are in the process of merging. | It is like a black hole bully, punching the nose of a passing galaxy Neil Tyson, Hayden Planetarium The event took place in a system called 3C321, which lies 1.4 billion light-years from Earth. It contains two galaxies in orbit around one another which are in the process of merging. |
| Most, if not all, galaxies - including our own Milky Way - are thought to host supermassive black holes at their galactic centres. A handful of these galaxies eject powerful jets from the vicinities of their black holes, and are known as radio galaxies - because jets are very "visible" at radio wavelengths. | Most, if not all, galaxies - including our own Milky Way - are thought to host supermassive black holes at their galactic centres. A handful of these galaxies eject powerful jets from the vicinities of their black holes, and are known as radio galaxies - because jets are very "visible" at radio wavelengths. |
| The larger of the two galaxies in 3C321 - dubbed the "death star galaxy" by the astronomers - has a jet emanating from the vicinity of the black hole at its centre. The unfortunate smaller galaxy has apparently swung into the jet's line of fire. | The larger of the two galaxies in 3C321 - dubbed the "death star galaxy" by the astronomers - has a jet emanating from the vicinity of the black hole at its centre. The unfortunate smaller galaxy has apparently swung into the jet's line of fire. |
| Destructive force | Destructive force |
| A bright spot in some images shows where the jet has slammed into the side of the companion galaxy, dissipating some of its energy. After striking it, the jet has become disrupted and deflected. | A bright spot in some images shows where the jet has slammed into the side of the companion galaxy, dissipating some of its energy. After striking it, the jet has become disrupted and deflected. |
| Jets can race out at close to the speed of light and can travel vast distances. The jet in 3C321 was about 1,000 light-years across and might have travelled one or two million light-years from its origin. | Jets can race out at close to the speed of light and can travel vast distances. The jet in 3C321 was about 1,000 light-years across and might have travelled one or two million light-years from its origin. |
| The jet hits the galaxy at its edgeEnlarge Image These jets consist of high energy particles and magnetic fields. They produce enormous amounts of radiation, especially in the form of high-energy X-rays and gamma-rays. | The jet hits the galaxy at its edgeEnlarge Image These jets consist of high energy particles and magnetic fields. They produce enormous amounts of radiation, especially in the form of high-energy X-rays and gamma-rays. |
| "This jet could be causing all sorts of problems for the smaller galaxy it is pummeling," said Dan Evans, lead author from the Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics in Cambridge, US. | "This jet could be causing all sorts of problems for the smaller galaxy it is pummeling," said Dan Evans, lead author from the Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics in Cambridge, US. |
| This type of event is rarely seen. But astronomers Steve Croft and Wil van Breugel have observed a gas-rich jet in setting off star birth in an arc of stars known as Minkowski's Object. | |
| The combined effects of radiation and particles travelling at almost the speed of light could have disastrous consequences for the atmospheres of any Earth-like planets lying in the path of the jet. | |
| Although we call it a death star galaxy, it might eventually be a source of new life in the more distant galaxy Martin Hardcastle, University of Hertfordshire For example, protective layers of ozone in the planet's upper atmosphere could be destroyed, which could result in the mass extinction of any life that had evolved on the planet. | Although we call it a death star galaxy, it might eventually be a source of new life in the more distant galaxy Martin Hardcastle, University of Hertfordshire For example, protective layers of ozone in the planet's upper atmosphere could be destroyed, which could result in the mass extinction of any life that had evolved on the planet. |
| Neil Tyson, director of the Hayden Planetarium in New York commented: "Black holes are famous for wreaking havoc on their environment. This particular black hole is disrupting its local region by dining on matter that wanders too close - which is the source of the energy for this jet. | Neil Tyson, director of the Hayden Planetarium in New York commented: "Black holes are famous for wreaking havoc on their environment. This particular black hole is disrupting its local region by dining on matter that wanders too close - which is the source of the energy for this jet. |
| "It also fires a jet out of the galaxy. So it is like a black hole bully, punching the nose of a passing galaxy." | "It also fires a jet out of the galaxy. So it is like a black hole bully, punching the nose of a passing galaxy." |
| Basic properties | Basic properties |
| "There are still basic unanswered questions about how these jets work," said co-author Martin Hardcastle of the University of Hertfordshire, UK. | "There are still basic unanswered questions about how these jets work," said co-author Martin Hardcastle of the University of Hertfordshire, UK. |
| "We don't know how exactly they're generated close to the black hole, what they're made of, how fast they're going, or how they evolve with time. So an object like 3C321 can act as an experiment which can give us an insight into the inner working of the jet." | "We don't know how exactly they're generated close to the black hole, what they're made of, how fast they're going, or how they evolve with time. So an object like 3C321 can act as an experiment which can give us an insight into the inner working of the jet." |
| The effect of the jet on the companion galaxy is likely to be substantial, because the galaxies in 3C321 are extremely close to one another. At only about 20,000 light years apart, these galaxies lie approximately the same distance as the Earth is from the centre of the Milky Way. | The effect of the jet on the companion galaxy is likely to be substantial, because the galaxies in 3C321 are extremely close to one another. At only about 20,000 light years apart, these galaxies lie approximately the same distance as the Earth is from the centre of the Milky Way. |
| It is possible that it would not all be bad news for the galaxy struck by the jet. The massive influx of energy and radiation from the jet may induce the formation of large numbers of stars and planets once its initial wake of destruction is complete. | It is possible that it would not all be bad news for the galaxy struck by the jet. The massive influx of energy and radiation from the jet may induce the formation of large numbers of stars and planets once its initial wake of destruction is complete. |
| "Although we call it a death star galaxy, in the end it might be a source of new life in the more distant galaxy," said Dr Hardcastle. | "Although we call it a death star galaxy, in the end it might be a source of new life in the more distant galaxy," said Dr Hardcastle. |
| Features seen in images from the VLA and Chandra indicate that the jet started hitting the smaller galaxy about one million years ago. This is a blink of the eye in the lifetime of 3C321, which marks it out as an important opportunity to study a rare astronomical phenomenon, say the astronomers. | Features seen in images from the VLA and Chandra indicate that the jet started hitting the smaller galaxy about one million years ago. This is a blink of the eye in the lifetime of 3C321, which marks it out as an important opportunity to study a rare astronomical phenomenon, say the astronomers. |
| Paul.Rincon-INTERNET@bbc.co.uk | Paul.Rincon-INTERNET@bbc.co.uk |