'Nation or state?' diff viewer (0/1)

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Nation or state?	Nation or state?
2007-12-10 09:20:16 UTC	2007-12-10 16:21:29 UTC (about 7 hours later)
A POINT OF VIEW By Lisa Jardine	A POINT OF VIEW By Lisa Jardine
The battles in Belgium to form a government and questions over Britishness illuminate issues of identity.	The battles in Belgium to form a government and questions over Britishness illuminate issues of identity.
Does size matter when it comes to nation-states? Within the European Union, are ethnic or religious communities viable as "nations", even if their economy cannot survive independently of their neighbours?	Does size matter when it comes to nation-states? Within the European Union, are ethnic or religious communities viable as "nations", even if their economy cannot survive independently of their neighbours?
These are questions Belgians are asking themselves at the moment with increasing urgency.	These are questions Belgians are asking themselves at the moment with increasing urgency.
Nothing provokes a more indignant crop of responses than one in which I use the word 'English' rather than 'British' Hear Radio 4's A Point of View	Nothing provokes a more indignant crop of responses than one in which I use the word 'English' rather than 'British' Hear Radio 4's A Point of View
Belgium is in the throes of one of the biggest political crises since it was established as an independent sovereign state in 1831. On 1 December, Yves Leterme, leader of the Flemish Christian-Democrats, and the man charged since elections in June of this year with setting up a coalition government in Belgium, gave up trying to do so, and handed his resignation as potential prime minister to the Belgian king, Albert II.	Belgium is in the throes of one of the biggest political crises since it was established as an independent sovereign state in 1831. On 1 December, Yves Leterme, leader of the Flemish Christian-Democrats, and the man charged since elections in June of this year with setting up a coalition government in Belgium, gave up trying to do so, and handed his resignation as potential prime minister to the Belgian king, Albert II.
The king has given the outgoing first minister Guy Verhofstadt responsibility for brokering some kind of a resolution - so far entirely unsuccessfully. In the meantime Verhofstadt has interim extended powers to settle pressing political matters, like the country's 2008 budget.	The king has given the outgoing first minister Guy Verhofstadt responsibility for brokering some kind of a resolution - so far entirely unsuccessfully. In the meantime Verhofstadt has interim extended powers to settle pressing political matters, like the country's 2008 budget.
The issue dividing the four main Belgian political parties is how much autonomy is to be given to the regions. The fear is that a disproportionate amount of power will be concentrated in the northern part of the country, Dutch-speaking Flanders.	The issue dividing the four main Belgian political parties is how much autonomy is to be given to the regions. The fear is that a disproportionate amount of power will be concentrated in the northern part of the country, Dutch-speaking Flanders.
Linguistic fracture	Linguistic fracture
The French-speaking Walloons, and a smallish cohort of German-speakers, in the economically less prosperous south, are afraid that devolution will lead to Belgium breaking up along its linguistic faultlines, leaving the Walloons isolated and economically vulnerable.	The French-speaking Walloons, and a smallish cohort of German-speakers, in the economically less prosperous south, are afraid that devolution will lead to Belgium breaking up along its linguistic faultlines, leaving the Walloons isolated and economically vulnerable.
Anyone who visits Belgium is quickly aware of the linguistic fracture that runs through the country. Dutch and French speakers watch different TV stations, read different newspapers, and attend different universities.	Anyone who visits Belgium is quickly aware of the linguistic fracture that runs through the country. Dutch and French speakers watch different TV stations, read different newspapers, and attend different universities.
Was Shakespeare English or British?	Was Shakespeare English or British?
Even the political parties divide into Dutch- and French-speaking. Leterme is a Christian Democrat, but the list of conditions he drew up for a coalition government, were rejected outright by the French-speaking Christian Democrats.	Even the political parties divide into Dutch- and French-speaking. Leterme is a Christian Democrat, but the list of conditions he drew up for a coalition government, were rejected outright by the French-speaking Christian Democrats.
When my graduate students change trains in Brussels on our way to our annual field trip to the Plantin-Moretus printing museum in Antwerp, they are usually relieved to discover that Brussels is French-speaking.	When my graduate students change trains in Brussels on our way to our annual field trip to the Plantin-Moretus printing museum in Antwerp, they are usually relieved to discover that Brussels is French-speaking.
As we board the train for Antwerp - or "Anvers" as it is marked on the Brussels departures board - I have to warn them not to try to communicate in French once we get there. Far better to speak English than to risk a tirade of nationalistic anger by accosting a Flemish-speaker in the tongue he associates with the Walloons.	As we board the train for Antwerp - or "Anvers" as it is marked on the Brussels departures board - I have to warn them not to try to communicate in French once we get there. Far better to speak English than to risk a tirade of nationalistic anger by accosting a Flemish-speaker in the tongue he associates with the Walloons.
These current tensions between Flanders and Wallonia as constituent parts of Belgium, have focused my mind on a matter that has arisen on a number of occasions since I began Point of View. Regulars will know that I take their responses week by week - in the form of phone calls, emails and letters - rather seriously.	These current tensions between Flanders and Wallonia as constituent parts of Belgium, have focused my mind on a matter that has arisen on a number of occasions since I began Point of View. Regulars will know that I take their responses week by week - in the form of phone calls, emails and letters - rather seriously.
British splutters	British splutters
But just occasionally e-mails and letters are, I have to say, quite intemperate. And nothing provokes a more indignant crop of responses than one in which I use the word "English" rather than "British" when talking about some feature of the history of the United Kingdom.	But just occasionally e-mails and letters are, I have to say, quite intemperate. And nothing provokes a more indignant crop of responses than one in which I use the word "English" rather than "British" when talking about some feature of the history of the United Kingdom.
The matter has come up whenever I have spoken about a period in Britain's past before the Act of Union of 1707. When I referred to the early mariner and explorer in the reign of Queen Elizabeth I, Sir Humphrey Gilbert, as "English", for instance, and when I described how, as his fellow-explorer Sir Henry Hudson set out from St Katherine's Docks to sail the twelve miles down the Thames to Gravesend, from where he set out in search of the Northwest Passage, it was "England" that dwindled into the distance behind him.	The matter has come up whenever I have spoken about a period in Britain's past before the Act of Union of 1707. When I referred to the early mariner and explorer in the reign of Queen Elizabeth I, Sir Humphrey Gilbert, as "English", for instance, and when I described how, as his fellow-explorer Sir Henry Hudson set out from St Katherine's Docks to sail the twelve miles down the Thames to Gravesend, from where he set out in search of the Northwest Passage, it was "England" that dwindled into the distance behind him.
For me, who lives where on the face of the globe, is not much more than a historical snapshot	For me, who lives where on the face of the globe, is not much more than a historical snapshot
"British" and "Britain" spluttered a chorus of correspondents. But no. As far as I'm concerned, I'm afraid not. Even when Queen Elizabeth I was honoured with all her manifold titles and territorial claims, as in the dedication to Edmund Spenser's 1596 epic poem in English, The Faerie Queene, those titles ran as follows:"To the most high, mightie and magnificent Empresse... Elizabeth by the grace of God Queene of England, Fraunce and Ireland and of Virginia, Defender of the Faith."	"British" and "Britain" spluttered a chorus of correspondents. But no. As far as I'm concerned, I'm afraid not. Even when Queen Elizabeth I was honoured with all her manifold titles and territorial claims, as in the dedication to Edmund Spenser's 1596 epic poem in English, The Faerie Queene, those titles ran as follows:"To the most high, mightie and magnificent Empresse... Elizabeth by the grace of God Queene of England, Fraunce and Ireland and of Virginia, Defender of the Faith."
To adopt the anachronistic "Britain" and "British" here, is, in my view, to confuse the historical record. We may be proud that such adventurers contributed historically to the prosperity and power of the country we know today as Britain, but we cannot require them to have belonged to a union before that union occurred.	To adopt the anachronistic "Britain" and "British" here, is, in my view, to confuse the historical record. We may be proud that such adventurers contributed historically to the prosperity and power of the country we know today as Britain, but we cannot require them to have belonged to a union before that union occurred.
Truth overwhelmed	Truth overwhelmed
We might want to emphasise the extent to which tales from the pasts of Ireland, Scotland, Wales, and indeed those from more distant lands like India, Africa and the Caribbean islands are woven threads in the fabric of Britain's national story. But in context these narrative ingredients in the final mix need, I believe, to retain their original national integrity.	We might want to emphasise the extent to which tales from the pasts of Ireland, Scotland, Wales, and indeed those from more distant lands like India, Africa and the Caribbean islands are woven threads in the fabric of Britain's national story. But in context these narrative ingredients in the final mix need, I believe, to retain their original national integrity.
If we insist, we risk allowing nationalism to overwhelm truth. In the 1990s, Typhoo tea ran a television advertisement designed to play patriotically upon the intrinsic "Britishness" of their brand of beverage.	If we insist, we risk allowing nationalism to overwhelm truth. In the 1990s, Typhoo tea ran a television advertisement designed to play patriotically upon the intrinsic "Britishness" of their brand of beverage.
To accompany soaring aerial shots of the British coastline, green fields and breathtaking scenery, a sonorous, Rada-trained actor recited old John of Gaunt's emotive speech in praise of his country, threatened by factional strife, from the beginning of Act 2 of Shakespeare's Richard II:	To accompany soaring aerial shots of the British coastline, green fields and breathtaking scenery, a sonorous, Rada-trained actor recited old John of Gaunt's emotive speech in praise of his country, threatened by factional strife, from the beginning of Act 2 of Shakespeare's Richard II:
This royal throne of kings, this sceptred isle,This earth of majesty, this seat of Mars,	This royal throne of kings, this sceptred isle,This earth of majesty, this seat of Mars,
This happy breed of men, this little world,This precious stone set in the silver sea,	This happy breed of men, this little world,This precious stone set in the silver sea,
This blessed plot, this earth, this realm, this...	This blessed plot, this earth, this realm, this...
The next word should, of course, be "England". But this was not apparently an option for the advertising agency that thought up the advertisement, nor indeed for Typhoo tea. Instead the quotation ended:"This blessed plot, this earth, this realm, this Britain."	The next word should, of course, be "England". But this was not apparently an option for the advertising agency that thought up the advertisement, nor indeed for Typhoo tea. Instead the quotation ended:"This blessed plot, this earth, this realm, this Britain."
I was not the only person, I feel sure, who experienced a frisson of genuine dismay at this unashamed misquoting of our national poet.	I was not the only person, I feel sure, who experienced a frisson of genuine dismay at this unashamed misquoting of our national poet.
And yet - and here I return to the Belgian government's current impasse - my conviction that we ought to refer to Tudor England as just that, does not for one moment mean that I am in favour of dismantling the British Isles or the United Kingdom into its historically constituent parts.	And yet - and here I return to the Belgian government's current impasse - my conviction that we ought to refer to Tudor England as just that, does not for one moment mean that I am in favour of dismantling the British Isles or the United Kingdom into its historically constituent parts.
Is this the Grand Place or the Grote Markt?	Is this the Grand Place or the Grote Markt?
For me, who lives where on the face of the globe, is not much more than a historical snapshot. The location of communities in specific places and nations has almost always been the outcome of individual or mass migration, often enforced under pressure of politics or war.	For me, who lives where on the face of the globe, is not much more than a historical snapshot. The location of communities in specific places and nations has almost always been the outcome of individual or mass migration, often enforced under pressure of politics or war.
In the mid-16th Century, the loose confederation of provinces and territories which make up the modern Netherlands and Belgium constituted one "country", under Spanish occupation. When Catholic Spain, under Philip II, consolidated its hold over the southern Low Countries in the second half of the 16th Century, and rebellion broke out in the North, Protestant Netherlanders fled northwards, to the protection of the princes of Orange.	In the mid-16th Century, the loose confederation of provinces and territories which make up the modern Netherlands and Belgium constituted one "country", under Spanish occupation. When Catholic Spain, under Philip II, consolidated its hold over the southern Low Countries in the second half of the 16th Century, and rebellion broke out in the North, Protestant Netherlanders fled northwards, to the protection of the princes of Orange.
Four hundred years later, Catholic, French-speaking Belgians remain largely concentrated south of Brussels, while Flemish-speaking Protestants predominate in the North.	Four hundred years later, Catholic, French-speaking Belgians remain largely concentrated south of Brussels, while Flemish-speaking Protestants predominate in the North.
Migration has also meant that many of those long settled in particular places, and whose loyalties and those of their families are firmly committed there, patently originate elsewhere. Today, once we get beyond the rhetoric of political parties, the idea that all those who live in Flanders think of themselves as "Flemish" rather than Belgian, or those in Scotland as "Scottish" before British, quickly dissolves into the natural diversity brought about by the constant movements of peoples.	Migration has also meant that many of those long settled in particular places, and whose loyalties and those of their families are firmly committed there, patently originate elsewhere. Today, once we get beyond the rhetoric of political parties, the idea that all those who live in Flanders think of themselves as "Flemish" rather than Belgian, or those in Scotland as "Scottish" before British, quickly dissolves into the natural diversity brought about by the constant movements of peoples.
Whenever my close Scottish friend, who has lived in London since the 1980s and raised her two children there, tells me that "eventually" she will go back to Scotland "where she belongs", I ask her whether "eventually" I am to go back to the Polish Shtetl my father's family left at the beginning of the 20th Century?British I was born, and British I wish to remain.	Whenever my close Scottish friend, who has lived in London since the 1980s and raised her two children there, tells me that "eventually" she will go back to Scotland "where she belongs", I ask her whether "eventually" I am to go back to the Polish Shtetl my father's family left at the beginning of the 20th Century?British I was born, and British I wish to remain.