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| Europe Prepares to Commemorate Centenary of World War I | |
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| LONDON — With a dimming of the lights and ceremonies across this country and in Belgium, monarchs, princes, presidents and citizens prepared on Monday to mark the day 100 years ago when Britain entered World War I at the start of four years of carnage once called the war to end all wars. | LONDON — With a dimming of the lights and ceremonies across this country and in Belgium, monarchs, princes, presidents and citizens prepared on Monday to mark the day 100 years ago when Britain entered World War I at the start of four years of carnage once called the war to end all wars. |
| Religious services and other commemorations are scheduled in cathedrals and public places even as conflicts continue to rage in Iraq, Syria, Afghanistan, Gaza, Libya and Ukraine. In Liège and Mons in Belgium, ceremonies bringing together representatives of the onetime warring powers are to mark the first day of what is still known to some as the Great War, which started on Aug. 4, 1914. | Religious services and other commemorations are scheduled in cathedrals and public places even as conflicts continue to rage in Iraq, Syria, Afghanistan, Gaza, Libya and Ukraine. In Liège and Mons in Belgium, ceremonies bringing together representatives of the onetime warring powers are to mark the first day of what is still known to some as the Great War, which started on Aug. 4, 1914. |
| Back then, as hostilities loomed, Sir Edward Grey, the British foreign secretary, famously remarked: “The lamps are going out all over Europe; we shall not see them lit again in our lifetime.” | Back then, as hostilities loomed, Sir Edward Grey, the British foreign secretary, famously remarked: “The lamps are going out all over Europe; we shall not see them lit again in our lifetime.” |
| To echo those words, Prime Minister David Cameron has urged Britons to extinguish the lights in their homes at 10 p.m. on Monday to leave a lone light or candle burning by 11 p.m. — the precise moment of the declaration of war on Germany. | To echo those words, Prime Minister David Cameron has urged Britons to extinguish the lights in their homes at 10 p.m. on Monday to leave a lone light or candle burning by 11 p.m. — the precise moment of the declaration of war on Germany. |
| At 10 Downing Street, a single candle will be left burning on the doorstep. At Westminster Abbey, at a late-night ceremony attended by political leaders, a lone oil lamp at the tomb of the unknown soldier is to be extinguished at 11 p.m. | At 10 Downing Street, a single candle will be left burning on the doorstep. At Westminster Abbey, at a late-night ceremony attended by political leaders, a lone oil lamp at the tomb of the unknown soldier is to be extinguished at 11 p.m. |
| “Sixteen million people perished in World War I,” Deputy Prime Minister Nick Clegg of Britain said in a statement, noting that the conflict was “a war which still shapes the world as it is today.” | “Sixteen million people perished in World War I,” Deputy Prime Minister Nick Clegg of Britain said in a statement, noting that the conflict was “a war which still shapes the world as it is today.” |
| The fighting erupted after a series of interlocked events beginning with the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand and his wife, Sophie, on June 28, 1914 — a killing that triggered a series of alliances that historians have described as Europe stumbling or sleepwalking into a cataclysmic conflict. | The fighting erupted after a series of interlocked events beginning with the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand and his wife, Sophie, on June 28, 1914 — a killing that triggered a series of alliances that historians have described as Europe stumbling or sleepwalking into a cataclysmic conflict. |
| With war approaching, “most were stumbling into the darkness, increasingly bound by the chains of their own and others’ making, their hope of avoiding war ever fading,” the Very Rev. John Hall, the dean of Westminster Abbey, said in a foreword to the order of service on Monday. | With war approaching, “most were stumbling into the darkness, increasingly bound by the chains of their own and others’ making, their hope of avoiding war ever fading,” the Very Rev. John Hall, the dean of Westminster Abbey, said in a foreword to the order of service on Monday. |
| Neutral at the beginning, the United States formally joined the war in 1917. By the time of the armistice of Nov. 11, 1918, empires had crumbled and the world map was redrawn. | Neutral at the beginning, the United States formally joined the war in 1917. By the time of the armistice of Nov. 11, 1918, empires had crumbled and the world map was redrawn. |
| The writer H. G. Wells is often credited with coining the description of the conflict as “the war that will end war,” the title of an essay that became a jingoistic catchphrase, “the war to end all wars.” As the conflict drew to a close, a more cynical view overtook that sentiment when David Lloyd George, the British prime minister at the time, is said to have remarked: “This war, like the next war, is a war to end war.” | The writer H. G. Wells is often credited with coining the description of the conflict as “the war that will end war,” the title of an essay that became a jingoistic catchphrase, “the war to end all wars.” As the conflict drew to a close, a more cynical view overtook that sentiment when David Lloyd George, the British prime minister at the time, is said to have remarked: “This war, like the next war, is a war to end war.” |
| The approach of the conflict in 1914 was commemorated on Sunday when President François Hollande of France and President Joachim Gauck of Germany embraced at a war memorial in the eastern French province of Alsace, near the frequently contested frontier between their nations. The occasion marked Germany’s declaration of war on France on Aug. 3, 1914 as German troops invaded neutral Belgium — the event that drew Britain into the war a day later. | The approach of the conflict in 1914 was commemorated on Sunday when President François Hollande of France and President Joachim Gauck of Germany embraced at a war memorial in the eastern French province of Alsace, near the frequently contested frontier between their nations. The occasion marked Germany’s declaration of war on France on Aug. 3, 1914 as German troops invaded neutral Belgium — the event that drew Britain into the war a day later. |
| Mr. Hollande and Mr. Gauck on Monday are to join dignitaries from Belgium, Britain and elsewhere at events in Belgium. | Mr. Hollande and Mr. Gauck on Monday are to join dignitaries from Belgium, Britain and elsewhere at events in Belgium. |
| No formal ceremonies were planned in Berlin, with German commemorations focused on Mr. Gauck’s attendance at ceremonies in lands once conquered by German soldiers. In Russia, President Vladimir V. Putin inaugurated a memorial in Moscow last week and a museum is to open in St. Petersburg. | No formal ceremonies were planned in Berlin, with German commemorations focused on Mr. Gauck’s attendance at ceremonies in lands once conquered by German soldiers. In Russia, President Vladimir V. Putin inaugurated a memorial in Moscow last week and a museum is to open in St. Petersburg. |
| The scale of commemoration in Russia was unusual. Moscow usually focuses most of its commemorative efforts on World War II. The events in 1914 molded some of the crises of 2014 in the Middle East and Europe which trace their roots to conflicts decades ago. | The scale of commemoration in Russia was unusual. Moscow usually focuses most of its commemorative efforts on World War II. The events in 1914 molded some of the crises of 2014 in the Middle East and Europe which trace their roots to conflicts decades ago. |
| “There were important principles at stake,” Prime Minister Cameron said before a service of commemoration at Glasgow Cathedral in Scotland attended by reprersentatives of the Commonwealth, a body made up largely of former British colonies in an empire that survived World War I but began to dissolve after World War II. | “There were important principles at stake,” Prime Minister Cameron said before a service of commemoration at Glasgow Cathedral in Scotland attended by reprersentatives of the Commonwealth, a body made up largely of former British colonies in an empire that survived World War I but began to dissolve after World War II. |
| Those principles, Mr. Cameron said, were “that there shouldn’t be the domination of Europe by one power, that small countries had a right to their independence and their existence, and these are problems that still confront us today and some of these problems are actually the consequences of the conflicts of the 20th century - the First World War and the Second World War.” | Those principles, Mr. Cameron said, were “that there shouldn’t be the domination of Europe by one power, that small countries had a right to their independence and their existence, and these are problems that still confront us today and some of these problems are actually the consequences of the conflicts of the 20th century - the First World War and the Second World War.” |