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| Skin transformed into stem cells | Skin transformed into stem cells |
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| Human skin cells have been reprogrammed by two groups of scientists to mimic embryonic stem cells with the potential to become any tissue in the body. | Human skin cells have been reprogrammed by two groups of scientists to mimic embryonic stem cells with the potential to become any tissue in the body. |
| The breakthrough promises a plentiful new source of cells for use in research into new treatments for many diseases. | The breakthrough promises a plentiful new source of cells for use in research into new treatments for many diseases. |
| Crucially, it could mean that such research is no longer dependent on using cells from human embryos, which has proved highly controversial. | Crucially, it could mean that such research is no longer dependent on using cells from human embryos, which has proved highly controversial. |
| The US and Japanese studies feature in the journals Science and Cell. | The US and Japanese studies feature in the journals Science and Cell. |
| The induced cells do all the things embryonic stem cells do - its going to completely change the field Professor James ThomsonUniversity of Wisconsin-Madison Q&A: Creating stem cells 'An exciting advance' | The induced cells do all the things embryonic stem cells do - its going to completely change the field Professor James ThomsonUniversity of Wisconsin-Madison Q&A: Creating stem cells 'An exciting advance' |
| Until now only cells taken from embryos were thought to have an unlimited capacity to become any of the 220 types of cell in the human body - a so-called pluripotent state. | Until now only cells taken from embryos were thought to have an unlimited capacity to become any of the 220 types of cell in the human body - a so-called pluripotent state. |
| Compare the two techniques for 'stem cell' creation | Compare the two techniques for 'stem cell' creation |
| But campaigners have objected to their use on the grounds that it is unethical to destroy embryos in the name of science. | But campaigners have objected to their use on the grounds that it is unethical to destroy embryos in the name of science. |
| In the US only limited use of embryonic stem cells is allowed by scientists receiving public funding. | In the US only limited use of embryonic stem cells is allowed by scientists receiving public funding. |
| The Japanese team used a chemical cocktail containing just four gene-controlling proteins to transform adult human fibroblasts - skin cells that are easy to obtain and grow in culture - into a pluripotent state. | The Japanese team used a chemical cocktail containing just four gene-controlling proteins to transform adult human fibroblasts - skin cells that are easy to obtain and grow in culture - into a pluripotent state. |
| For once we have better science coinciding with better ethics Josephine QuintavalleComment on Reproductive Ethics | |
| The cells created were similar, but not identical, to embryonic stem cells, and the researchers used them to produce brain and heart tissue. | The cells created were similar, but not identical, to embryonic stem cells, and the researchers used them to produce brain and heart tissue. |
| After 12 days in the laboratory clumps of cells grown to mimic heart muscle tissue started beating. | After 12 days in the laboratory clumps of cells grown to mimic heart muscle tissue started beating. |
| The US team, from the University of Wisconsin-Madison, achieved the same effect by using a slightly different combination of chemicals. | The US team, from the University of Wisconsin-Madison, achieved the same effect by using a slightly different combination of chemicals. |
| They have created eight new stem cell lines for potential use in research. | They have created eight new stem cell lines for potential use in research. |
| Cloning superceded | Cloning superceded |
| Using skin cells should mean that treatments could be personalised for individual patients, minimising the risk of rejection. | Using skin cells should mean that treatments could be personalised for individual patients, minimising the risk of rejection. |
| Although it is early days for this technique it may well prove to be every bit as significant as the first derivation of human embryonic stem cells nine years ago Dr Lyle ArmstrongUniversity of Newcastle Upon Tyne | Although it is early days for this technique it may well prove to be every bit as significant as the first derivation of human embryonic stem cells nine years ago Dr Lyle ArmstrongUniversity of Newcastle Upon Tyne |
| Not only does the new technique remove the need to create embryos in the lab, it is also more simple, and more precisely controlled than current cloning technology. | Not only does the new technique remove the need to create embryos in the lab, it is also more simple, and more precisely controlled than current cloning technology. |
| Professor Ian Wilmut, of the University of Edinburgh, who led the team which created Dolly the sheep in 1996, has said it represents a significant advance. | Professor Ian Wilmut, of the University of Edinburgh, who led the team which created Dolly the sheep in 1996, has said it represents a significant advance. |
| However, the researchers have warned more work is needed to refine the process, and ensure its safety. | However, the researchers have warned more work is needed to refine the process, and ensure its safety. |
| At present both techniques rely on viruses to introduce new material into the cells, which carries a potential risk. | At present both techniques rely on viruses to introduce new material into the cells, which carries a potential risk. |
| Researcher Professor James Thomson said: "The induced cells do all the things embryonic stem cells do. | Researcher Professor James Thomson said: "The induced cells do all the things embryonic stem cells do. |
| "It's going to completely change the field." | "It's going to completely change the field." |
| Dr Shinya Yamanaka, of Kyoto University, a member of the Japanese research team, said: "These cells should be extremely useful in understanding disease mechanisms and screening effective and safe drugs." | Dr Shinya Yamanaka, of Kyoto University, a member of the Japanese research team, said: "These cells should be extremely useful in understanding disease mechanisms and screening effective and safe drugs." |
| Positive reaction | Positive reaction |
| Professor Azim Surani, of the University of Cambridge, said the research should allow scientists to create a large range of human stem cell types, which could prove invaluable in studying disease. | Professor Azim Surani, of the University of Cambridge, said the research should allow scientists to create a large range of human stem cell types, which could prove invaluable in studying disease. |
| He said: "It is relatively easy to grow an entire plant from a small cutting, something that seems inconceivable in humans. | He said: "It is relatively easy to grow an entire plant from a small cutting, something that seems inconceivable in humans. |
| "Yet this study brings us tantalisingly close to using skin cells to grow many different types of human tissues. | "Yet this study brings us tantalisingly close to using skin cells to grow many different types of human tissues. |
| Dr Lyle Armstrong, of the International Centre For Life at the University of Newcastle Upon Tyne, called the studies a "major development". | Dr Lyle Armstrong, of the International Centre For Life at the University of Newcastle Upon Tyne, called the studies a "major development". |
| He said: "Although it is early days for this technique it may well prove to be every bit as significant as the first derivation of human embryonic stem cells nine years ago." | He said: "Although it is early days for this technique it may well prove to be every bit as significant as the first derivation of human embryonic stem cells nine years ago." |
| Professor Robin Lovell-Badge, of the Medical Research Council's National Institute For Medical Research, said the work was exciting, but work was required to end the reliance on viruses, and to tease out why two different techniques produced similar results. | Professor Robin Lovell-Badge, of the Medical Research Council's National Institute For Medical Research, said the work was exciting, but work was required to end the reliance on viruses, and to tease out why two different techniques produced similar results. |
| Josephine Quintavalle, of Comment on Reproductive Ethics, said: "News that embryonic stem cells can be created successfully from human cells without cloning, without using human embryos or human eggs, or without getting involved in the creation of animal-human embryos, is most warmly welcomed. | Josephine Quintavalle, of Comment on Reproductive Ethics, said: "News that embryonic stem cells can be created successfully from human cells without cloning, without using human embryos or human eggs, or without getting involved in the creation of animal-human embryos, is most warmly welcomed. |
| "We congratulate these world-class scientists who have had the courage to state their change of tack so cogently. | |
| "For once we have better science coinciding with better ethics." | |
| TECHNIQUES FOR MAKING 'STEM CELLS' Therapeutic cloning produces stem cells which can develop into different types of body cell, making them ideal for research into treatment of disease.But this technology involves the creation and destruction of embryos, which is ethically controversial. The stem cells created also run the risk of being rejected by the body. The new technology, nuclear reprogramming, creates stem-like cells from the patient's own cells, avoiding both these problems. | TECHNIQUES FOR MAKING 'STEM CELLS' Therapeutic cloning produces stem cells which can develop into different types of body cell, making them ideal for research into treatment of disease.But this technology involves the creation and destruction of embryos, which is ethically controversial. The stem cells created also run the risk of being rejected by the body. The new technology, nuclear reprogramming, creates stem-like cells from the patient's own cells, avoiding both these problems. |
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