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| Norman Mailer's A Fire on the Moon: a giant leap for reportage | Norman Mailer's A Fire on the Moon: a giant leap for reportage |
| (3 days later) | |
| Mailer starts with the news of Hemingway's death; I'll start with Ezra Pound's claim, in The ABC of Reading, that literature "is news that STAYS news". The appeal of having one of America's best-known writers cover the biggest news story of the decade – probably of the century, conceivably of all time – was obvious, and Mailer was a natural fit. Back then a lot of people were quoting the opinion that he was the best journalist in America. One of those people was Mailer himself who took umbrage at the praise as it tacitly downgraded his achievements as a novelist. Imagine Laurence Sterne with a huge subject, a big advance and a looming deadline, and you have some sense of the conflicting pressures at work on Of a Fire on the Moon (the original American title). | Mailer starts with the news of Hemingway's death; I'll start with Ezra Pound's claim, in The ABC of Reading, that literature "is news that STAYS news". The appeal of having one of America's best-known writers cover the biggest news story of the decade – probably of the century, conceivably of all time – was obvious, and Mailer was a natural fit. Back then a lot of people were quoting the opinion that he was the best journalist in America. One of those people was Mailer himself who took umbrage at the praise as it tacitly downgraded his achievements as a novelist. Imagine Laurence Sterne with a huge subject, a big advance and a looming deadline, and you have some sense of the conflicting pressures at work on Of a Fire on the Moon (the original American title). |
| The deadline needs emphasising. Other writers had plenty to say about the moon landing – everyone had something to say about it – but few would have had the chops to bang out 115,000 words for publication in three issues of Life magazine, the first tranche of which, Mailer groans, was due less than three weeks after the astronauts splashed down in the Pacific. That, to put it mildly, is a lot of words in a very short time: not quite as challenging a task as the one set out by John F Kennedy in 1961 – to land a man on the moon and return him safely to earth by the end of the decade – but a serious job of work all the same. So the question today, for anyone under the age of 45 who was unable to experience the event, let alone read about it as news, is the extent to which the result is compromised or enhanced by the circumstances of its occasion and composition. Now that the subject matter is the stuff of history – when the word astronaut might be used in the context of historical as opposed to science fiction – does Mailer's book pass Pound's testing definition? And where does it stand within two quite different contexts: that of other books about the moon landings, and within the large scope and wildly mixed quality of Mailer's work as a whole? | |
| Warm on the heels of The Armies of the Night and Miami and the Siege of Chicago (both 1968), A Fire on the Moon was Mailer's third book of extended reporting. He features as a participating observer in both of the earlier works ("Mailer" in Armies, "the reporter" in Miami), as he would again (as "Norman") in his masterly account of the Muhammad Ali v George Foreman bout in Zaire in 1974. The Fight's curt titular nod – almost a butt – to a famous 1822 essay by Hazlitt makes us wonder if the roots of the New Journalism extend more deeply into the past than is sometimes thought. Life magazine proudly announced that the first excerpt from Mailer's report on "the moon venture" was the longest non-fiction piece they had ever published (forcing into second place an article on "the Woodstock Rock festival", and featuring a cover photo not of Neil Armstrong but "Aquarius", as Mailer termed himself this time around). | Warm on the heels of The Armies of the Night and Miami and the Siege of Chicago (both 1968), A Fire on the Moon was Mailer's third book of extended reporting. He features as a participating observer in both of the earlier works ("Mailer" in Armies, "the reporter" in Miami), as he would again (as "Norman") in his masterly account of the Muhammad Ali v George Foreman bout in Zaire in 1974. The Fight's curt titular nod – almost a butt – to a famous 1822 essay by Hazlitt makes us wonder if the roots of the New Journalism extend more deeply into the past than is sometimes thought. Life magazine proudly announced that the first excerpt from Mailer's report on "the moon venture" was the longest non-fiction piece they had ever published (forcing into second place an article on "the Woodstock Rock festival", and featuring a cover photo not of Neil Armstrong but "Aquarius", as Mailer termed himself this time around). |
| By Martin Amis's estimation, some of the excursions of the New Journalism seem "as long as Middlemarch", but freedom from restrictive word or page counts could also be extended to the old journalism, if the subject matter demanded it. The New Yorker had published John Hersey's Hiroshima in its entirety in 1946. What's new is the undisguised presence of a generic growth hormone whereby the previously self-effacing disposition of the journalist gives way to the swagger and confidence of the performance-enhancing novelist. As such, it is difficult to think of a work that better exemplifies the strengths and shortcomings of what we now think of as New Journalism than A Fire on the Moon. Hunter S Thompson's Hell's Angels (1966) seems, by comparison, a model of calm and dispassionate economy. The unfettered deployment of a participating voice, abandonment of the idea of disinterested recording in favour of subjectivity so extreme that it threatens to displace or usurp the subject appear unprecedented – because the precedent is hiding in plain view. | By Martin Amis's estimation, some of the excursions of the New Journalism seem "as long as Middlemarch", but freedom from restrictive word or page counts could also be extended to the old journalism, if the subject matter demanded it. The New Yorker had published John Hersey's Hiroshima in its entirety in 1946. What's new is the undisguised presence of a generic growth hormone whereby the previously self-effacing disposition of the journalist gives way to the swagger and confidence of the performance-enhancing novelist. As such, it is difficult to think of a work that better exemplifies the strengths and shortcomings of what we now think of as New Journalism than A Fire on the Moon. Hunter S Thompson's Hell's Angels (1966) seems, by comparison, a model of calm and dispassionate economy. The unfettered deployment of a participating voice, abandonment of the idea of disinterested recording in favour of subjectivity so extreme that it threatens to displace or usurp the subject appear unprecedented – because the precedent is hiding in plain view. |
| A flickering but frequent presence in Mailer's writing, DH Lawrence operated along similar lines in his non-fiction and journalism, albeit on a smaller scale. As Rebecca West realised after his death, Lawrence only ever wrote "about the state of his own soul", using whatever subject was symbolically at hand at any given moment. The occasion for Lawrence might have been the death of a porcupine or his first encounter with Native Americans; for Mailer it's a Saturn V rocket, the launch of which is evoked in stirringly Lawrentian rhythms and images. Other passages could almost have been written by Lawrence when at his ranch in New Mexico: "In that long-ago of prairie spaces when the wind was the message of America, Indians had lived in greater intimacy with the moon than any European." | A flickering but frequent presence in Mailer's writing, DH Lawrence operated along similar lines in his non-fiction and journalism, albeit on a smaller scale. As Rebecca West realised after his death, Lawrence only ever wrote "about the state of his own soul", using whatever subject was symbolically at hand at any given moment. The occasion for Lawrence might have been the death of a porcupine or his first encounter with Native Americans; for Mailer it's a Saturn V rocket, the launch of which is evoked in stirringly Lawrentian rhythms and images. Other passages could almost have been written by Lawrence when at his ranch in New Mexico: "In that long-ago of prairie spaces when the wind was the message of America, Indians had lived in greater intimacy with the moon than any European." |
| More generally, Mailer shares Lawrence's hieratic belief that he might be able to offer some kind of solution to the sickness of his times (of which both men are, according to a different series of tests, symptoms). For Mailer, the success or failure of the Apollo 11 mission is constantly elided with the project of writing his book about it: each, in its different way, exhibits signs of pathology and cure. The moon landing hails both a new age and the end of an era, while the book about it is shot through with a dread of impending obsolescence – of a very recent kind. How can the printed word compete with television in an age when events are made for TV, when the author is reduced to watching the events he is covering on telly? In one respect, the two turn out to be complementary. Those pages evoking the launch of the Saturn V might have been helped by watching the filmed footage, just as the blow-by-blow account of the Ali/Foreman rumble would have been impossible without reviewing playback of the fight. Given that the moon landing was a dramatic extension of the possibilities of communication (as President Nixon said when he was patched through to the men on the moon, this had to be "the most historic phone call ever made"), the fact that it could be broadcast live on TV was itself part of the story. If the landing could not be filmed there was no point going. At the risk of the tail wagging the dog, they went to the moon in order to film it. (To that extent people who claimed that the whole thing was a setup were right; it's just that it was filmed on location, not in a studio.) | More generally, Mailer shares Lawrence's hieratic belief that he might be able to offer some kind of solution to the sickness of his times (of which both men are, according to a different series of tests, symptoms). For Mailer, the success or failure of the Apollo 11 mission is constantly elided with the project of writing his book about it: each, in its different way, exhibits signs of pathology and cure. The moon landing hails both a new age and the end of an era, while the book about it is shot through with a dread of impending obsolescence – of a very recent kind. How can the printed word compete with television in an age when events are made for TV, when the author is reduced to watching the events he is covering on telly? In one respect, the two turn out to be complementary. Those pages evoking the launch of the Saturn V might have been helped by watching the filmed footage, just as the blow-by-blow account of the Ali/Foreman rumble would have been impossible without reviewing playback of the fight. Given that the moon landing was a dramatic extension of the possibilities of communication (as President Nixon said when he was patched through to the men on the moon, this had to be "the most historic phone call ever made"), the fact that it could be broadcast live on TV was itself part of the story. If the landing could not be filmed there was no point going. At the risk of the tail wagging the dog, they went to the moon in order to film it. (To that extent people who claimed that the whole thing was a setup were right; it's just that it was filmed on location, not in a studio.) |
| In the age of Gravity, of simulated cinematic immersion in space, it is more striking than ever that footage of the greatest technological feat of all time looked no better "than a print of the earliest silent movies … Ghost beckoned to ghosts and the surface of the moon looked like a ski slope at night." These blurry images anticipate a brave new world of satellite communications, but the era that Mailer foresees, when reporters' work involves "rewriting publicity handouts", is close to the situation sketched in Flat Earth News (2009), Nick Davies's analysis of the parlous state of contemporary journalism. Prophecies can come true in ways and circumstances very different from how they were originally envisaged. And since no one minds whether they turn up exactly as and when predicted, they are immune to the kind of fact-checking that might cast retrospective doubt on Mailer's extravagancies of style and method. Did the moon adventure really "help to disclose the nature of the Lord and the Lucifer who warred for us"? Is jaundice the "infectious disease beyond all other that comes to strong people when they live too long in an environment alien to their will, work with all their power to solve the complexities of that environment, and fail"? Does the fact that Frank Borman was so afflicted by motion sickness, diarrhoea and vomiting, that Apollo 8 (not 9 as Mailer writes) became, in Andrew Chaikin's words, "a flying toilet", mean that he was not "hard as hand-forged nails"? | In the age of Gravity, of simulated cinematic immersion in space, it is more striking than ever that footage of the greatest technological feat of all time looked no better "than a print of the earliest silent movies … Ghost beckoned to ghosts and the surface of the moon looked like a ski slope at night." These blurry images anticipate a brave new world of satellite communications, but the era that Mailer foresees, when reporters' work involves "rewriting publicity handouts", is close to the situation sketched in Flat Earth News (2009), Nick Davies's analysis of the parlous state of contemporary journalism. Prophecies can come true in ways and circumstances very different from how they were originally envisaged. And since no one minds whether they turn up exactly as and when predicted, they are immune to the kind of fact-checking that might cast retrospective doubt on Mailer's extravagancies of style and method. Did the moon adventure really "help to disclose the nature of the Lord and the Lucifer who warred for us"? Is jaundice the "infectious disease beyond all other that comes to strong people when they live too long in an environment alien to their will, work with all their power to solve the complexities of that environment, and fail"? Does the fact that Frank Borman was so afflicted by motion sickness, diarrhoea and vomiting, that Apollo 8 (not 9 as Mailer writes) became, in Andrew Chaikin's words, "a flying toilet", mean that he was not "hard as hand-forged nails"? |
| Such questions miss the point, especially since one of Mailer's many big points is that the world of Nasa, of computers and data, is so distinct from the world of imaginative thought in which the likes of Aquarius reside. A Fire on the Moon is a plea on behalf of the unverifiable, of metaphysics (or a novelist's idea of metaphysics, that is to say, "the fiction of unspoken evidence") over physics. Since Mailer's book is partly a psychological portrait of and reaction to the moon shot, anything in it is accurate ("there is no psychological reality like a man's idea of himself") by virtue of the fact that it occurred to him. He was, after all, one of the "sensors in the currents of the churn". | Such questions miss the point, especially since one of Mailer's many big points is that the world of Nasa, of computers and data, is so distinct from the world of imaginative thought in which the likes of Aquarius reside. A Fire on the Moon is a plea on behalf of the unverifiable, of metaphysics (or a novelist's idea of metaphysics, that is to say, "the fiction of unspoken evidence") over physics. Since Mailer's book is partly a psychological portrait of and reaction to the moon shot, anything in it is accurate ("there is no psychological reality like a man's idea of himself") by virtue of the fact that it occurred to him. He was, after all, one of the "sensors in the currents of the churn". |
| The suspicion that, in the process of churning out all these words, Mailer barely had time to stop and think is assuaged by the way Aquarius constantly tells us that he is skulking off to brood, cogitate and mull over. But it is perhaps countered by his commitment to the idea that the quality of creative thought might be enhanced by forcing the pace of composition. A Fire on the Moon incarnates the conviction that the finished work can have something of the feel of a work in progress, one that shares the minute-by-minute uncertainty and drama of the moon shot (a quality that remains strong even now, when the outcome of the mission is no longer in doubt). The lingering traces of Kerouac's creed of "First thought best thought" manifest themselves, at worst, as a stream of filibustering. The book echoes with repeated rhythmic growls, self-reflecting asides and recurring observations: Armstrong's "face within the space helmet as lashless in appearance as a newborn cat in a caul", for example, gets replayed a few pages later. A work that would seem to have benefitted from careful editing is conceptually and rhythmically at odds with the idea. | The suspicion that, in the process of churning out all these words, Mailer barely had time to stop and think is assuaged by the way Aquarius constantly tells us that he is skulking off to brood, cogitate and mull over. But it is perhaps countered by his commitment to the idea that the quality of creative thought might be enhanced by forcing the pace of composition. A Fire on the Moon incarnates the conviction that the finished work can have something of the feel of a work in progress, one that shares the minute-by-minute uncertainty and drama of the moon shot (a quality that remains strong even now, when the outcome of the mission is no longer in doubt). The lingering traces of Kerouac's creed of "First thought best thought" manifest themselves, at worst, as a stream of filibustering. The book echoes with repeated rhythmic growls, self-reflecting asides and recurring observations: Armstrong's "face within the space helmet as lashless in appearance as a newborn cat in a caul", for example, gets replayed a few pages later. A work that would seem to have benefitted from careful editing is conceptually and rhythmically at odds with the idea. |
| All the more remarkable, then, that in Part II, "Apollo" , we are treated to an abrupt increase in the proportion of diligent recording, reporting and transcribing, in which the minutiae of the journey to the moon, the landing and redocking of the astronauts in space are painstakingly itemised, with considerable scientific expertise, no loss of momentum and an escalation of tension. The tonal range within the narrative trajectory is striking. Again, there is perhaps a parallel with the moon journey itself, with the way the command module is constantly rotating in flight so it is nicely toasted all-round, rather than scorched by solar rays on one side while the other freezes. Mailer, by turns, is analytical, hyperbolic, delirious, homey (the wonderful evocation of the moon's surface as "a barnyard trod by countless hooves") and lyrical ("the moon was a voice which did not speak"). He may not have been a wit but that did not stop him being uproariously funny. One of Armstrong's first jobs after the small step/giant leap is to scoop up a sample of moon dust so that "if the unmentionable yak or the Abominable Snowman were to emerge from the crater", he could leap aboard the lunar module and make his escape. Buzz Aldrin has to remind Armstrong to do this, causing the first man on the moon to snap back – understandably, since "nagging was nagging even on the moon". | All the more remarkable, then, that in Part II, "Apollo" , we are treated to an abrupt increase in the proportion of diligent recording, reporting and transcribing, in which the minutiae of the journey to the moon, the landing and redocking of the astronauts in space are painstakingly itemised, with considerable scientific expertise, no loss of momentum and an escalation of tension. The tonal range within the narrative trajectory is striking. Again, there is perhaps a parallel with the moon journey itself, with the way the command module is constantly rotating in flight so it is nicely toasted all-round, rather than scorched by solar rays on one side while the other freezes. Mailer, by turns, is analytical, hyperbolic, delirious, homey (the wonderful evocation of the moon's surface as "a barnyard trod by countless hooves") and lyrical ("the moon was a voice which did not speak"). He may not have been a wit but that did not stop him being uproariously funny. One of Armstrong's first jobs after the small step/giant leap is to scoop up a sample of moon dust so that "if the unmentionable yak or the Abominable Snowman were to emerge from the crater", he could leap aboard the lunar module and make his escape. Buzz Aldrin has to remind Armstrong to do this, causing the first man on the moon to snap back – understandably, since "nagging was nagging even on the moon". |
| Having studied aeronautical engineering at Harvard, Mailer had the knack – it's something he shares with Len Deighton – of conveying complex technical specifications and design imperatives with an ease that enables ignorant readers to feel capable of a level of understanding to which they had not hitherto been privy. That "curious creature" the lunar module or LEM, for example, "had been designed from the inside, and so was about as ugly as a human body that had shaped itself around the excessive development of a few special organs. Conceive of a man whose only function in life was to win pie-eating contests – what a stomach would he develop, large as a steamer trunk." | Having studied aeronautical engineering at Harvard, Mailer had the knack – it's something he shares with Len Deighton – of conveying complex technical specifications and design imperatives with an ease that enables ignorant readers to feel capable of a level of understanding to which they had not hitherto been privy. That "curious creature" the lunar module or LEM, for example, "had been designed from the inside, and so was about as ugly as a human body that had shaped itself around the excessive development of a few special organs. Conceive of a man whose only function in life was to win pie-eating contests – what a stomach would he develop, large as a steamer trunk." |
| Clearly, A Fire on the Moon was the first work of literature to be devoted to the moon landings. Tom Wolfe would have the luxury of almost a decade of hindsight and research before publishing a kind of prequel, The Right Stuff, in 1979. Reading the two books in tandem serves, among other things, to validate much of Mailer's analysis, including his understanding of the psychology of astronauts, of how the reticence of "men with a sense of mission so deep it could not be communicated" co-existed with a profound passivity: "They were virile, but they were done to." | Clearly, A Fire on the Moon was the first work of literature to be devoted to the moon landings. Tom Wolfe would have the luxury of almost a decade of hindsight and research before publishing a kind of prequel, The Right Stuff, in 1979. Reading the two books in tandem serves, among other things, to validate much of Mailer's analysis, including his understanding of the psychology of astronauts, of how the reticence of "men with a sense of mission so deep it could not be communicated" co-existed with a profound passivity: "They were virile, but they were done to." |
| It is probably not the first book to which a reader interested in the history of the space programme will turn. That honour must surely go to Chaikin's gripping and comprehensive A Man on the Moon (1994). A sceptical, even grudging alternative is provided by Gerard DeGroot's Dark Side of the Moon (2006). What Mailer's book manages, uniquely, to do is evoke events from almost 50 years ago in such a way that they unfold again before our eyes. | It is probably not the first book to which a reader interested in the history of the space programme will turn. That honour must surely go to Chaikin's gripping and comprehensive A Man on the Moon (1994). A sceptical, even grudging alternative is provided by Gerard DeGroot's Dark Side of the Moon (2006). What Mailer's book manages, uniquely, to do is evoke events from almost 50 years ago in such a way that they unfold again before our eyes. |
| Within the mixed and lumpy bag of his own work, A Fire on the Moon is a lesser book than the story of the life and death of Gary Gilmore in The Executioner's Song (1979). Inevitably, lacking the focus and tight cohesion of The Fight, it fully deserves to join the latter among the ranks of modern classics. Its belated elevation, in this regard, is part of a continuing extension of the kind of book deemed worthy of admittance. If it is difficult to imagine when the resources might again be marshalled or the will found to push through a venture on the scale of the Apollo programme, it is equally hard to think of anyone taking on the task of describing such an undertaking with Mailer's gusto and urgency. As an extravagant and immediate response to "the most expensive gesture ever made", it is not just a stunning achievement, it is also an appropriate one. | Within the mixed and lumpy bag of his own work, A Fire on the Moon is a lesser book than the story of the life and death of Gary Gilmore in The Executioner's Song (1979). Inevitably, lacking the focus and tight cohesion of The Fight, it fully deserves to join the latter among the ranks of modern classics. Its belated elevation, in this regard, is part of a continuing extension of the kind of book deemed worthy of admittance. If it is difficult to imagine when the resources might again be marshalled or the will found to push through a venture on the scale of the Apollo programme, it is equally hard to think of anyone taking on the task of describing such an undertaking with Mailer's gusto and urgency. As an extravagant and immediate response to "the most expensive gesture ever made", it is not just a stunning achievement, it is also an appropriate one. |
| • A Fire on the Moon is published by Penguin Modern Classics. | • A Fire on the Moon is published by Penguin Modern Classics. |
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