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Charles Dickens and the London 'dead-house' mystery | Charles Dickens and the London 'dead-house' mystery |
(about 11 hours later) | |
The mystery of how Charles Dickens forced a London hospital to make changes in the way it treated the dead has been unravelled. | The mystery of how Charles Dickens forced a London hospital to make changes in the way it treated the dead has been unravelled. |
Charles Dickens scholars have long been intrigued about his involvement in a hospital scandal in the 1850s. | Charles Dickens scholars have long been intrigued about his involvement in a hospital scandal in the 1850s. |
In correspondence between the writer and the philanthropist Angela Burdett-Coutts, there are references to a statement sent to the governors of St George's Hospital in west London. | In correspondence between the writer and the philanthropist Angela Burdett-Coutts, there are references to a statement sent to the governors of St George's Hospital in west London. |
But the depth of Dickens' involvement has only just been discovered after the full statement was uncovered by an academic examining the hospital's archive earlier this year. | But the depth of Dickens' involvement has only just been discovered after the full statement was uncovered by an academic examining the hospital's archive earlier this year. |
It was 1856 and Dickens was in the midst of writing Little Dorrit, his satire on the shortcomings of society, when a scandal erupted at St George's Hospital, now the Lanesborough Hotel in Knightsbridge. | It was 1856 and Dickens was in the midst of writing Little Dorrit, his satire on the shortcomings of society, when a scandal erupted at St George's Hospital, now the Lanesborough Hotel in Knightsbridge. |
Margaret Purvis, a widow from the outer edges of the urban slum Devil's Acre in Westminster, died from cancer at the hospital, aged 46, and a post-mortem examination was carried out by Henry Gray, who at the time was writing his influential human anatomy textbook. | Margaret Purvis, a widow from the outer edges of the urban slum Devil's Acre in Westminster, died from cancer at the hospital, aged 46, and a post-mortem examination was carried out by Henry Gray, who at the time was writing his influential human anatomy textbook. |
Family-friend Harriet Bragg went to take care of Mrs Purvis's body, but she was wrongly told only men could enter the mortuary, or dead-house. | Family-friend Harriet Bragg went to take care of Mrs Purvis's body, but she was wrongly told only men could enter the mortuary, or dead-house. |
When the undertakers went to collect the body they found it naked and dishevelled and on the same slab as the corpses of two naked men. | When the undertakers went to collect the body they found it naked and dishevelled and on the same slab as the corpses of two naked men. |
Shocked by the state of the body, Mrs Bragg enlisted the help of the heiress and philanthropist Angela Burdett-Coutts. | Shocked by the state of the body, Mrs Bragg enlisted the help of the heiress and philanthropist Angela Burdett-Coutts. |
Miss Coutts in turn enlisted the help of Dickens who wrote a statement to the hospital governors. | Miss Coutts in turn enlisted the help of Dickens who wrote a statement to the hospital governors. |
It was transcribed into the official records in 1857 and buried until now. | It was transcribed into the official records in 1857 and buried until now. |
In the statement, dated 3 January, Dickens said Mrs Bragg's body had "no appearance upon it of the face having been composed, or the lower jaw adjusted. | In the statement, dated 3 January, Dickens said Mrs Bragg's body had "no appearance upon it of the face having been composed, or the lower jaw adjusted. |
"Its appearance... was so forlorn and shocking, that she [Mrs Bragg] hid it from the sight of the daughter of the deceased, until she had been able to perform those functions for it, which decency and humanity usually suggest." | "Its appearance... was so forlorn and shocking, that she [Mrs Bragg] hid it from the sight of the daughter of the deceased, until she had been able to perform those functions for it, which decency and humanity usually suggest." |
An investigation into the complaint found the allegations to be "substantially true," if "somewhat exaggerated" but it did prompt a change. | An investigation into the complaint found the allegations to be "substantially true," if "somewhat exaggerated" but it did prompt a change. |
At that time the hospital had no dedicated storage for the dead other than a lecture theatre with a dissecting table and a closet. | At that time the hospital had no dedicated storage for the dead other than a lecture theatre with a dissecting table and a closet. |
A new room was built to store the dead in temporary coffins, and a nurse was employed to "dress and decently dispose" the bodies and to look after the relatives. | A new room was built to store the dead in temporary coffins, and a nurse was employed to "dress and decently dispose" the bodies and to look after the relatives. |
Dr Ruth Richardson, an independent scholar connected to King's College London and Cambridge University, discovered Dickens' statement as she was researching the history of Gray's Anatomy. | Dr Ruth Richardson, an independent scholar connected to King's College London and Cambridge University, discovered Dickens' statement as she was researching the history of Gray's Anatomy. |
Dickens' scholars have been aware of the statement as it was mentioned in other letters between Miss Coutts and Dickens. | Dickens' scholars have been aware of the statement as it was mentioned in other letters between Miss Coutts and Dickens. |
Dr Richardson said: "The Dickens scholars knew from the letters that a statement existed, but no-one seems to have a clue what it was about. | Dr Richardson said: "The Dickens scholars knew from the letters that a statement existed, but no-one seems to have a clue what it was about. |
"The fact that the statement survives within the transcription of Miss Coutts' letters in the hospital archives is new. | "The fact that the statement survives within the transcription of Miss Coutts' letters in the hospital archives is new. |
"There had been reference to it, but no-one had ever found the text, and no-one seems to have known the context." | "There had been reference to it, but no-one had ever found the text, and no-one seems to have known the context." |
She added: "I think most people would have been surprised in the 1850s that dead patients in any London charitable hospital were not laid out by the nursing staff. | She added: "I think most people would have been surprised in the 1850s that dead patients in any London charitable hospital were not laid out by the nursing staff. |
"The way in which Dickens and she [Miss Coutts] worked together on this case demonstrates their mutual understanding that influence could be used for the common good. | "The way in which Dickens and she [Miss Coutts] worked together on this case demonstrates their mutual understanding that influence could be used for the common good. |
"It's terribly important, it suddenly became a nursing matter and a hospital matter and clears up something which has baffled scholars. Nobody knew Dickens had been involved." | "It's terribly important, it suddenly became a nursing matter and a hospital matter and clears up something which has baffled scholars. Nobody knew Dickens had been involved." |
The discovery has excited Dickens' scholars. | The discovery has excited Dickens' scholars. |
Professor David Paroissien, editor of the academic journal Dickens Quarterly, said: "It's something of a scoop. We have almost 500 words of Dickens that have never seen the light of day before. | Professor David Paroissien, editor of the academic journal Dickens Quarterly, said: "It's something of a scoop. We have almost 500 words of Dickens that have never seen the light of day before. |
"In a broader sense it shows one further perspective in which he is ready to engage on behalf of completely ordinary and obscure persons. Something like this is quite rare." | "In a broader sense it shows one further perspective in which he is ready to engage on behalf of completely ordinary and obscure persons. Something like this is quite rare." |
Matt Haswell, the deputy manager of the mortuary at the new St George's Hospital in Tooting, said nowadays the dead were "still classed as patients". | Matt Haswell, the deputy manager of the mortuary at the new St George's Hospital in Tooting, said nowadays the dead were "still classed as patients". |
"Deceased patients are handled with dignity and respect. It's a lot more clinical and everything's clean and tidy and all the bodies are refrigerated which preserves them prior to being collected by the undertaker." | "Deceased patients are handled with dignity and respect. It's a lot more clinical and everything's clean and tidy and all the bodies are refrigerated which preserves them prior to being collected by the undertaker." |
Dr Richardson added: "One little Dickens footnote has got its resolution. It's a small thing, but it's also a big thing because it's about the care of the dead, the bereaved and it's about nursing." |