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| By Tom Geoghegan BBC News Magazine Two tree-planting campaigns are under way in UK cities, in an effort to reverse the "chainsaw massacre" of the past. It appears that everyone loves trees, so why are so many being lost? | By Tom Geoghegan BBC News Magazine Two tree-planting campaigns are under way in UK cities, in an effort to reverse the "chainsaw massacre" of the past. It appears that everyone loves trees, so why are so many being lost? |
| The huge broad-leafed trees so loved by the Victorian planners have become part of the British urban landscape. | The huge broad-leafed trees so loved by the Victorian planners have become part of the British urban landscape. |
| But campaigners believe this part of our heritage is under threat and they launched a counter-offensive on two fronts at the weekend. | But campaigners believe this part of our heritage is under threat and they launched a counter-offensive on two fronts at the weekend. |
| PLANT A TREE Find seeds in the wild (see chart below)Plant at home - old juice cartons are ideal because they decomposePlant in ground in Nov 2008Choose a site after consulting local tree warden Tree Council's Seed Gathering Chart [104KB] Most computers will open this document automatically, but you may need Adobe Reader Download the reader here The Tree Council began its seed gathering season, to encourage people to collect seeds in the wild to plant at home, ready to put in the ground as saplings next year. And a fun run in Leeds was hoping to raise the profile of a tree-planting charity, Trees for Cities. | PLANT A TREE Find seeds in the wild (see chart below)Plant at home - old juice cartons are ideal because they decomposePlant in ground in Nov 2008Choose a site after consulting local tree warden Tree Council's Seed Gathering Chart [104KB] Most computers will open this document automatically, but you may need Adobe Reader Download the reader here The Tree Council began its seed gathering season, to encourage people to collect seeds in the wild to plant at home, ready to put in the ground as saplings next year. And a fun run in Leeds was hoping to raise the profile of a tree-planting charity, Trees for Cities. |
| This kind of work has been given added urgency after a recent report by the London Assembly which outlined what it called the "chainsaw massacre" - the loss of 40,000 full-grown trees in the capital in the last five years. | This kind of work has been given added urgency after a recent report by the London Assembly which outlined what it called the "chainsaw massacre" - the loss of 40,000 full-grown trees in the capital in the last five years. |
| Although smaller ones are planted as replacements, this decline of the mature trees has been mirrored in other regional cities. | Although smaller ones are planted as replacements, this decline of the mature trees has been mirrored in other regional cities. |
| It's a great loss because these trees bring many benefits, says Trees for Cities chief executive Graham Simmonds. | It's a great loss because these trees bring many benefits, says Trees for Cities chief executive Graham Simmonds. |
| Trees and humans live side by sideAs well as their beauty, they improve air quality by trapping pollution, they slow down rainfall, reduce noise pollution, provide shade and encourage healthy lifestyles, he says. And studies in the US suggest they increase emotional well-being. | Trees and humans live side by sideAs well as their beauty, they improve air quality by trapping pollution, they slow down rainfall, reduce noise pollution, provide shade and encourage healthy lifestyles, he says. And studies in the US suggest they increase emotional well-being. |
| No-one would pretend the carbon absorption from planting a single tree is enough to affect climate change, he says, but the moderating effect of large-leafed trees can reduce energy consumption of nearby buildings. | No-one would pretend the carbon absorption from planting a single tree is enough to affect climate change, he says, but the moderating effect of large-leafed trees can reduce energy consumption of nearby buildings. |
| "There's also symbolism about planting a tree because it shows to individuals they can do something to make their mark in some way because climate change can make people over-awed. Planting a tree will have some impact and people get an emotional lift from doing it." | "There's also symbolism about planting a tree because it shows to individuals they can do something to make their mark in some way because climate change can make people over-awed. Planting a tree will have some impact and people get an emotional lift from doing it." |
| But the task ahead is a big one, despite the success of the charity's Million Trees campaign, which hopes to plant a million new trees in London by 2012. It has reached the 425,000-mark, says Mr Simmonds, but the figures mask a deeper problem. | But the task ahead is a big one, despite the success of the charity's Million Trees campaign, which hopes to plant a million new trees in London by 2012. It has reached the 425,000-mark, says Mr Simmonds, but the figures mask a deeper problem. |
| "Every year we monitor the trees planted and lost. Last year there was a net gain but most of the trees lost were mature trees because they're sometimes perceived to create problems, whether pushing up pavements or subsidence issues, and we think that trees are getting a bit scapegoated." | "Every year we monitor the trees planted and lost. Last year there was a net gain but most of the trees lost were mature trees because they're sometimes perceived to create problems, whether pushing up pavements or subsidence issues, and we think that trees are getting a bit scapegoated." |
| Legal threats | Legal threats |
| The assembly's report said while some of the trees lost were just old and dying, 40% of those chopped were due to insurance claims, of which only 1% were justified. | The assembly's report said while some of the trees lost were just old and dying, 40% of those chopped were due to insurance claims, of which only 1% were justified. |
| This "risk-averse" culture adopted by local authorities is a key reason why larger trees are being lost, says Pauline Buchanan Black, director-general of the Trees Council. | This "risk-averse" culture adopted by local authorities is a key reason why larger trees are being lost, says Pauline Buchanan Black, director-general of the Trees Council. |
| OUTSIDE THE CITIES Size of UK's woodland doubled in last 100 years, to 2.85 hectaresThat still only marks 11-12%, compared to 30% in other European countriesPeaked in Middle Ages but Industrial Revolution accelerated lossesShortage of timber in World War I marked lowest pointBeen building up woodland since, initially with non-native conifersLately more emphasis on oaks, birch, beech "If someone complains there is a crack in the street, they say it has everything to do with the tree and nothing to do with the Victorian drains. | OUTSIDE THE CITIES Size of UK's woodland doubled in last 100 years, to 2.85 hectaresThat still only marks 11-12%, compared to 30% in other European countriesPeaked in Middle Ages but Industrial Revolution accelerated lossesShortage of timber in World War I marked lowest pointBeen building up woodland since, initially with non-native conifersLately more emphasis on oaks, birch, beech "If someone complains there is a crack in the street, they say it has everything to do with the tree and nothing to do with the Victorian drains. |
| "The tree will come down because of the threat of a lawsuit against the council because even if they lose, it will cost a lot of money." | "The tree will come down because of the threat of a lawsuit against the council because even if they lose, it will cost a lot of money." |
| Even without evidence of a link, the tree comes down as a preventive measure, she says, and there is added pressure on trees "below street" from gas, electricity, water and cable television. | Even without evidence of a link, the tree comes down as a preventive measure, she says, and there is added pressure on trees "below street" from gas, electricity, water and cable television. |
| As these big landscape trees are lost, what is being planted in their place are so-called "lollipop trees", she says, which are less of a threat to properties but don't have the same benefits in terms of biodiversity, clean air and conveying a sense of well-being. | As these big landscape trees are lost, what is being planted in their place are so-called "lollipop trees", she says, which are less of a threat to properties but don't have the same benefits in terms of biodiversity, clean air and conveying a sense of well-being. |
| Changing attitudes | Changing attitudes |
| In 2001, Westminster Council paid out £1m after a long legal fight over subsidence caused by a single tree. | In 2001, Westminster Council paid out £1m after a long legal fight over subsidence caused by a single tree. |
| But the British Association of Insurers denies trees are ripped up at the demand of insurance companies without any evidence of damage. | But the British Association of Insurers denies trees are ripped up at the demand of insurance companies without any evidence of damage. |
| Trees for Cities encourages young people to get involvedOutside the cities, it is a more encouraging picture. The last figures available from the Forestry Commission show the size of the UK's woodland has more than doubled in the last 100 years, despite the loss of 15 million trees in the Great Storm of 1987, which has its 20th anniversary in three weeks. | |
| But it is mankind, not nature, that is most responsible for the destruction of broad-leafed trees in the cities. | |
| A former tree officer in the Bolton area says people who demanded the felling of trees blamed them for blocking the light, slippery leaves, noise and even for casting shadows that kept them awake at night. Some had merely seen television adverts featuring trees falling on houses, he says. | A former tree officer in the Bolton area says people who demanded the felling of trees blamed them for blocking the light, slippery leaves, noise and even for casting shadows that kept them awake at night. Some had merely seen television adverts featuring trees falling on houses, he says. |
| "Everyone loves trees but the term here is 'Not In My Back Yard'. They come under a lot of pressure from a lot of areas. A lot of people don't understand why trees are there." | "Everyone loves trees but the term here is 'Not In My Back Yard'. They come under a lot of pressure from a lot of areas. A lot of people don't understand why trees are there." |
| That tree might block your light but it's providing benefits to the community Richard ReynoldsGuerrilla gardener Richard Reynolds, who founded a group of "guerrilla gardeners" that illegally cultivates neglected public spaces, says a fixation with property prices hampers community spirit. | That tree might block your light but it's providing benefits to the community Richard ReynoldsGuerrilla gardener Richard Reynolds, who founded a group of "guerrilla gardeners" that illegally cultivates neglected public spaces, says a fixation with property prices hampers community spirit. |
| "Trees are living creatures and sometimes in cities we forget that we have to live alongside them. | "Trees are living creatures and sometimes in cities we forget that we have to live alongside them. |
| "People think more about the impact on them rather than other people. That tree might block your light but it's providing benefits to the community." | "People think more about the impact on them rather than other people. That tree might block your light but it's providing benefits to the community." |
| This love-hate relationship - tree-hugging or tree-mugging - is nothing new. | This love-hate relationship - tree-hugging or tree-mugging - is nothing new. |
| As William Blake recognised in a letter he wrote in 1799, "The tree which moves some to tears of joy is in the eyes of others only a green thing that stands in the way." | As William Blake recognised in a letter he wrote in 1799, "The tree which moves some to tears of joy is in the eyes of others only a green thing that stands in the way." |
Add your comments on this story, using the form below. | Add your comments on this story, using the form below. |