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| Japan's politicians have a problem with 'comfort women' | Japan's politicians have a problem with 'comfort women' |
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| Toru Hashimoto, the mayor of Osaka in Japan and the co-leader of the nationalist Japan Restoration party, has always been a politician of controversies. However, his comment that the system of "comfort women" during the second world war was necessary has caused a storm of protest on a different scale. It outraged neighbouring Asian countries and feminist activists who had supported these women and sought to gain recognition of what they had suffered. Cabinet ministers and other Japanese politicians in the ruling conservative party and in opposition have also expressed their strong disapproval. | |
| In general, the Japanese political establishment has been reluctant to admit official government involvement in the system of "comfort women". There have been a few statements from politicians such as prime ministers Kiichi Miyazawa and Tomiichi Murayama in 1992 and 1995, and the chief cabinet secretary Yohei Kono in 1993, but the current PM, Shinzo Abe, has expressed his intention to revise some of the above apologies. Hashimoto's remark could therefore be read as another example of the trend towards growing political conservatism and nationalism in Japan. | In general, the Japanese political establishment has been reluctant to admit official government involvement in the system of "comfort women". There have been a few statements from politicians such as prime ministers Kiichi Miyazawa and Tomiichi Murayama in 1992 and 1995, and the chief cabinet secretary Yohei Kono in 1993, but the current PM, Shinzo Abe, has expressed his intention to revise some of the above apologies. Hashimoto's remark could therefore be read as another example of the trend towards growing political conservatism and nationalism in Japan. |
| However, the nature of his comment is slightly different ,and his lack of awareness as to how gender, class and ethnicity intersect to create particular forms of sexual exploitation has stunned many. | |
| In his comment on the system of "comfort women", he stated that while such a system may not be acceptable to contemporary society, sexual industries (euphemistically called "entertainment and amusement industries" in Japan) are still indispensable, particularly around military bases. Furthermore, he revealed that when he visited the US military base in Futenma in Okinawa earlier this month, he even advised the US commanders to make use of these industries to release and control the "sexual energy" of the members of the Marine Corps. As many politicians and feminist activists said in response, this is not a comment that the leader of a political party or any politician holding a position of responsibility should make. | In his comment on the system of "comfort women", he stated that while such a system may not be acceptable to contemporary society, sexual industries (euphemistically called "entertainment and amusement industries" in Japan) are still indispensable, particularly around military bases. Furthermore, he revealed that when he visited the US military base in Futenma in Okinawa earlier this month, he even advised the US commanders to make use of these industries to release and control the "sexual energy" of the members of the Marine Corps. As many politicians and feminist activists said in response, this is not a comment that the leader of a political party or any politician holding a position of responsibility should make. |
| Hashimoto argues that, historically, many countries and their militaries have sexually exploited women, but that it is only the Japanese government that is held accountable for wartime rape. What his comment misses is that many feminists and scholars of war and peace studies have highlighted how war, military, militarism and militarised masculinity have perpetuated intersectional gender and sexual violence and exploitation. It is within this broader context of gender and sexual violence that the issue of "comfort women" has often been discussed, but Hashimoto's comment does not acknowledge this. It is true that gender-based violence caused by the military is prevalent both during conflict and peacetime, and this needs to be addressed. Indeed the US, the UK and other countries have started to tackle these problems in their militaries. If Hashimoto looks at other countries' behaviour, why cannot he see these attempts to scrutinise the relationship between gender/sexual violence and the military? | Hashimoto argues that, historically, many countries and their militaries have sexually exploited women, but that it is only the Japanese government that is held accountable for wartime rape. What his comment misses is that many feminists and scholars of war and peace studies have highlighted how war, military, militarism and militarised masculinity have perpetuated intersectional gender and sexual violence and exploitation. It is within this broader context of gender and sexual violence that the issue of "comfort women" has often been discussed, but Hashimoto's comment does not acknowledge this. It is true that gender-based violence caused by the military is prevalent both during conflict and peacetime, and this needs to be addressed. Indeed the US, the UK and other countries have started to tackle these problems in their militaries. If Hashimoto looks at other countries' behaviour, why cannot he see these attempts to scrutinise the relationship between gender/sexual violence and the military? |
| Hashimoto also claims that in Japan (though prostitution is illegal) some sexual activities within the "entertainment and amusement industries" are legally accepted. He maintains that if we reject these (sexual) industries this means that we are discriminating against those women who "voluntarily" choose to work in these sectors. So, now he is turning the blame around to those (of us) who argue against the exploitation (of women) in sexual industries. But to what extent is "voluntary" ever actually "voluntary"? What Hashimoto's comment ignores is the structured gendered inequality that women still experience. With many women highly educated and with, though fading, still relatively strong economic power, gender inequality in Japan is often unheeded. However, with the gender wage gap, unequal gender employment practices, a lower representation of female MPs, and the prevalence of domestic violence and so on, how much do women have the freedom to choose their way of living and earning? | Hashimoto also claims that in Japan (though prostitution is illegal) some sexual activities within the "entertainment and amusement industries" are legally accepted. He maintains that if we reject these (sexual) industries this means that we are discriminating against those women who "voluntarily" choose to work in these sectors. So, now he is turning the blame around to those (of us) who argue against the exploitation (of women) in sexual industries. But to what extent is "voluntary" ever actually "voluntary"? What Hashimoto's comment ignores is the structured gendered inequality that women still experience. With many women highly educated and with, though fading, still relatively strong economic power, gender inequality in Japan is often unheeded. However, with the gender wage gap, unequal gender employment practices, a lower representation of female MPs, and the prevalence of domestic violence and so on, how much do women have the freedom to choose their way of living and earning? |
| Also, not to be overlooked is the fact that many women from other Asian countries work in these industries. This situation has been reproducing not only gender inequality and violence, but also global economic inequality and racial and ethnic discrimination. Hashimoto's accusation of our discriminating against these women will be valid only when we eliminate all forms of gender inequality and violence. | Also, not to be overlooked is the fact that many women from other Asian countries work in these industries. This situation has been reproducing not only gender inequality and violence, but also global economic inequality and racial and ethnic discrimination. Hashimoto's accusation of our discriminating against these women will be valid only when we eliminate all forms of gender inequality and violence. |
| His succession of comments, some made on Twitter, is undeniably problematic, as it demonstrates his stance that for the operation of war, it is acceptable and necessary to violate the sexuality and human rights of the most socially vulnerable women. Clearly, such an opinion should be challenged. However, at the same time, feminists and those who are socially and politically conscious have to continue on the long journey to educate a wider public, so that no one would hold such an unjustifiable view in the future. | His succession of comments, some made on Twitter, is undeniably problematic, as it demonstrates his stance that for the operation of war, it is acceptable and necessary to violate the sexuality and human rights of the most socially vulnerable women. Clearly, such an opinion should be challenged. However, at the same time, feminists and those who are socially and politically conscious have to continue on the long journey to educate a wider public, so that no one would hold such an unjustifiable view in the future. |