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| Hoping to Save Bees, Europe to Vote on Pesticide Ban | Hoping to Save Bees, Europe to Vote on Pesticide Ban |
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| PARIS — Will Brussels try to give bees a break? | PARIS — Will Brussels try to give bees a break? |
| In a case closely watched on both sides of the Atlantic, European officials plan to vote Friday on a proposal to sharply restrict the use of pesticides that had been implicated in the decline of global bee populations. | In a case closely watched on both sides of the Atlantic, European officials plan to vote Friday on a proposal to sharply restrict the use of pesticides that had been implicated in the decline of global bee populations. |
| The vote in Brussels, by officials from all 27 European Union member states, follows a January report from the European Food Safety Authority recommending that none of the chemicals of a class known as neonicotinoids should be used on crops that are attractive to honeybees, because of the risk the insects would be poisoned. | The vote in Brussels, by officials from all 27 European Union member states, follows a January report from the European Food Safety Authority recommending that none of the chemicals of a class known as neonicotinoids should be used on crops that are attractive to honeybees, because of the risk the insects would be poisoned. |
| Although even some bee scientists say the evidence is inconclusive, the European Commission, the Union’s administrative arm, has embraced the food safety authority’s findings. The proposal calls for a two-year prohibition of neonicotinoid use on the flowering crops that lure bees, as well as the seeds of such crops. | Although even some bee scientists say the evidence is inconclusive, the European Commission, the Union’s administrative arm, has embraced the food safety authority’s findings. The proposal calls for a two-year prohibition of neonicotinoid use on the flowering crops that lure bees, as well as the seeds of such crops. |
| That would mean, for example, that farmers could no longer use the products on the colorful fields of rapeseed, or canola, that stretch across huge areas of Europea’s agricultural heartlands. | |
| “The Commission has come to the conclusion that a high risk for bees cannot be excluded except by imposing further restrictions,” the draft proposal says. | “The Commission has come to the conclusion that a high risk for bees cannot be excluded except by imposing further restrictions,” the draft proposal says. |
| Companies that produce neonicotinoid-based pesticides, including the German giant Bayer CropScience and Syngenta, the big Swiss biochemical company, have lobbied strenuously against the moratorium. The American company DuPont is also a leading producer of the chemicals, and Monsanto incorporates it into some of the seeds it produces; in the United States, neonicotinoids are heavily used on the country’s huge corn crop. | Companies that produce neonicotinoid-based pesticides, including the German giant Bayer CropScience and Syngenta, the big Swiss biochemical company, have lobbied strenuously against the moratorium. The American company DuPont is also a leading producer of the chemicals, and Monsanto incorporates it into some of the seeds it produces; in the United States, neonicotinoids are heavily used on the country’s huge corn crop. |
| The European proposal would need the backing of a so-called qualified majority of member states to become law, a system that assigns greater voting weight to larger countries like Germany, which is said to be reluctant to back the measure. | The European proposal would need the backing of a so-called qualified majority of member states to become law, a system that assigns greater voting weight to larger countries like Germany, which is said to be reluctant to back the measure. |
| Uses of the chemicals that would be allowed under the moratorium would be restricted to professional growers, eliminating the danger that home gardeners would unwittingly wreak havoc on bee colonies. At the end of the two years, the results would be reviewed for further action. | Uses of the chemicals that would be allowed under the moratorium would be restricted to professional growers, eliminating the danger that home gardeners would unwittingly wreak havoc on bee colonies. At the end of the two years, the results would be reviewed for further action. |
| E.U. nations already have the authority to restrict neonicotinoids. Initial approval for chemicals is granted by Brussels, but responsibility for approving the commercial products that contain them rests with member states. As a result various nations, including France and Italy, already restrict their use. Germany moved to restrict the use of some products after one such pesticide was blamed for millions of bee deaths in the Rhine Valley. | E.U. nations already have the authority to restrict neonicotinoids. Initial approval for chemicals is granted by Brussels, but responsibility for approving the commercial products that contain them rests with member states. As a result various nations, including France and Italy, already restrict their use. Germany moved to restrict the use of some products after one such pesticide was blamed for millions of bee deaths in the Rhine Valley. |
| According to U.N. studies, bee populations — including honeybees, bumblebees and solitary wild bees — are dying in Europe, North America and around the world, with a significant upturn in mortality over the last decade. The exact reasons for the decline are unknown, but the implications are disturbing because the insects are essential for feeding the planet. The U.N. Food and Agriculture Organization says that bees pollinate 71 of the 100 crops that provide 90 percent of the world’s food. | According to U.N. studies, bee populations — including honeybees, bumblebees and solitary wild bees — are dying in Europe, North America and around the world, with a significant upturn in mortality over the last decade. The exact reasons for the decline are unknown, but the implications are disturbing because the insects are essential for feeding the planet. The U.N. Food and Agriculture Organization says that bees pollinate 71 of the 100 crops that provide 90 percent of the world’s food. |
| Peter Neumann, a biology professor who studies bee health at the University of Bern, Switzerland, said the extent of the bee die-off varied across Europe, but that in Switzerland, 50 percent of colonies were lost in the winter of 2011-12, compared with about 10 percent in a normal year. | Peter Neumann, a biology professor who studies bee health at the University of Bern, Switzerland, said the extent of the bee die-off varied across Europe, but that in Switzerland, 50 percent of colonies were lost in the winter of 2011-12, compared with about 10 percent in a normal year. |
| And yet, “the role of the neonicotinoids is really hard to pin down,” Mr. Neumann said. “It’s hard to believe that they’re not contributing to the problem, but we really have no data.” | And yet, “the role of the neonicotinoids is really hard to pin down,” Mr. Neumann said. “It’s hard to believe that they’re not contributing to the problem, but we really have no data.” |
| In the United States, studies by the Agriculture Department’s Bee Research Laboratory show colonies declining by as much as 30 percent annually over the last five or six years. As a result, about two-thirds of all the remaining honeybees in the country are needed in California each spring just to pollinate the state’s almond crop. | In the United States, studies by the Agriculture Department’s Bee Research Laboratory show colonies declining by as much as 30 percent annually over the last five or six years. As a result, about two-thirds of all the remaining honeybees in the country are needed in California each spring just to pollinate the state’s almond crop. |
| Bayer CropScience and Syngenta emphasize the lack of scientific certainty that the use of their chemicals is responsible for bee deaths. | Bayer CropScience and Syngenta emphasize the lack of scientific certainty that the use of their chemicals is responsible for bee deaths. |
| “We share the concerns surrounding bee health,” said Utz Klages, a spokesman for Bayer CropScience. But, he added, “any disproportionate action would jeopardize the competitiveness of European agriculture and finally lead to higher costs for food, feed, fiber and renewable raw materials and have an enormous economic impact throughout the whole food chain.” | “We share the concerns surrounding bee health,” said Utz Klages, a spokesman for Bayer CropScience. But, he added, “any disproportionate action would jeopardize the competitiveness of European agriculture and finally lead to higher costs for food, feed, fiber and renewable raw materials and have an enormous economic impact throughout the whole food chain.” |
| His company and Syngenta say the proposed restrictions would bring the loss of 50,000 jobs and billions of dollars in costs to European farmers and companies. | His company and Syngenta say the proposed restrictions would bring the loss of 50,000 jobs and billions of dollars in costs to European farmers and companies. |
| Syngenta, in a statement last month, called on the European Commission to retract its proposal. The food safety authority’s study, Syngenta said, was “fundamentally flawed” because it was based “on unrealistic and excessive seed planting rates between two and four times higher than would be used under modern agricultural practice.” | Syngenta, in a statement last month, called on the European Commission to retract its proposal. The food safety authority’s study, Syngenta said, was “fundamentally flawed” because it was based “on unrealistic and excessive seed planting rates between two and four times higher than would be used under modern agricultural practice.” |
| Whatever might be killing off the bees, there is no doubt about the lethality for insects of neonicotinoids, which are also used in forestry and tree nurseries — even in flea collars for pets. Once plants or seeds are treated with the chemical, it permeates their tissues; it then attacks the nervous system of any bug feeding on a leaf or root, or a bee that collects nectar or pollen. | Whatever might be killing off the bees, there is no doubt about the lethality for insects of neonicotinoids, which are also used in forestry and tree nurseries — even in flea collars for pets. Once plants or seeds are treated with the chemical, it permeates their tissues; it then attacks the nervous system of any bug feeding on a leaf or root, or a bee that collects nectar or pollen. |
| Even if a bee does not receive enough of the poison to kill it, there is a fear that “sublethal” doses it carries back to the hive may be weakening already-stressed colonies. Two studies reported last year in the journal Science suggested that low levels of neonicotinoids from a common pesticide can have significant effects on bee colonies. | Even if a bee does not receive enough of the poison to kill it, there is a fear that “sublethal” doses it carries back to the hive may be weakening already-stressed colonies. Two studies reported last year in the journal Science suggested that low levels of neonicotinoids from a common pesticide can have significant effects on bee colonies. |
| But pesticides are just one of several threats to bees, along with mites and viruses, environmental changes and poor nutrition. Those factors may work individually or in combination to weaken colonies and kill bees. | But pesticides are just one of several threats to bees, along with mites and viruses, environmental changes and poor nutrition. Those factors may work individually or in combination to weaken colonies and kill bees. |
| Paul de Zylva, an environmental campaigner in London with Friends of the Earth, said that while the pesticide makers “adamantly deny” that their products are affecting bee health, the range of the testing they had carried out was too narrow to be conclusive. Those studies, he said, looked only at possible effects on honeybees and not the effects that “sublethal” doses might be having in the hive, including on larvae. | Paul de Zylva, an environmental campaigner in London with Friends of the Earth, said that while the pesticide makers “adamantly deny” that their products are affecting bee health, the range of the testing they had carried out was too narrow to be conclusive. Those studies, he said, looked only at possible effects on honeybees and not the effects that “sublethal” doses might be having in the hive, including on larvae. |
| He noted that in its January report, the European Food Safety Authority said it was unable to reach any conclusions in a number of areas “due to shortcomings in the available data.” | He noted that in its January report, the European Food Safety Authority said it was unable to reach any conclusions in a number of areas “due to shortcomings in the available data.” |
| “How can they know if it’s safe?” Mr. de Zylva asked. | “How can they know if it’s safe?” Mr. de Zylva asked. |
| Noa Simon, a veterinary scientist who acts as a technical adviser to the European Beekeeping Coordination, an industry group, argues that the chemicals should be banned for at least five years to provide time for further studies. | Noa Simon, a veterinary scientist who acts as a technical adviser to the European Beekeeping Coordination, an industry group, argues that the chemicals should be banned for at least five years to provide time for further studies. |
| “A two-year ban isn’t enough,” Ms. Simon said. The food safety authority has indicated the risks, she said, “but there are a lot of information gaps that need to be filled. And these chemicals are persistent, once they’re introduced into the soil they’re still going to be around a year later. This isn’t being taken into account.” | “A two-year ban isn’t enough,” Ms. Simon said. The food safety authority has indicated the risks, she said, “but there are a lot of information gaps that need to be filled. And these chemicals are persistent, once they’re introduced into the soil they’re still going to be around a year later. This isn’t being taken into account.” |
| That mirrors criticism in the United States, where the chemicals are used on virtually all of the country’s corn crop. | That mirrors criticism in the United States, where the chemicals are used on virtually all of the country’s corn crop. |
| The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency backed the chemical industry last year in rejecting a petition from honeybee keepers who argued that one neonicotinoid should be withdrawn from the market on the grounds that the studies on which approval was based were inadequate. But it said additional research was needed. | The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency backed the chemical industry last year in rejecting a petition from honeybee keepers who argued that one neonicotinoid should be withdrawn from the market on the grounds that the studies on which approval was based were inadequate. But it said additional research was needed. |
| The E.P.A. did not respond to requests for comment. | The E.P.A. did not respond to requests for comment. |
| But even some bee scientists are ambivalent about the proposed moratorium in Europe. | But even some bee scientists are ambivalent about the proposed moratorium in Europe. |
| “If you want those perfect European apples, with no marks or bugs on them, I’m afraid farmers will have to spray something,” Mr. Neumann said, “and many of the older pesticides are even worse than the neonicotinoids.” | “If you want those perfect European apples, with no marks or bugs on them, I’m afraid farmers will have to spray something,” Mr. Neumann said, “and many of the older pesticides are even worse than the neonicotinoids.” |