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| Is assault lawful when protecting someone? | Is assault lawful when protecting someone? |
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| WHO, WHAT, WHY? The Magazine answers... | WHO, WHAT, WHY? The Magazine answers... |
| Call the police or intervene?Assault is against the law but what if it is committed to protect someone else? | Call the police or intervene?Assault is against the law but what if it is committed to protect someone else? |
| Protecting the vulnerable is considered a key tenet of a civilised society, but recent events have shown that intervention in an effort to uphold community values can come at a very high price. | Protecting the vulnerable is considered a key tenet of a civilised society, but recent events have shown that intervention in an effort to uphold community values can come at a very high price. |
| As well as the recent high-profile cases of men being killed after stepping in to stop troublemakers, there is also the memory of Philip Lawrence, the headmaster who was fatally stabbed in 1995 when trying to save a pupil from a gang. | As well as the recent high-profile cases of men being killed after stepping in to stop troublemakers, there is also the memory of Philip Lawrence, the headmaster who was fatally stabbed in 1995 when trying to save a pupil from a gang. |
| The dilemma of intervention is one many of us - including broadcaster Jeremy Vine - have grappled with in our minds, if not in reality. But what protection does the law afford the person who commits violence when protecting someone else? | The dilemma of intervention is one many of us - including broadcaster Jeremy Vine - have grappled with in our minds, if not in reality. But what protection does the law afford the person who commits violence when protecting someone else? |
| THE ANSWER Assault is lawful if preventing a crime or protecting family, property and friendsBut force must be reasonable and proportionate Can anyone make a citizen's arrest? In England and Wales, an assault is usually deemed unlawful unless in self-defence. | THE ANSWER Assault is lawful if preventing a crime or protecting family, property and friendsBut force must be reasonable and proportionate Can anyone make a citizen's arrest? In England and Wales, an assault is usually deemed unlawful unless in self-defence. |
| "There's the concept of self-defence in case law that extends to defending not just one's self and one's property but also one's nearest and dearest and family," says solicitor Robert Brown. | "There's the concept of self-defence in case law that extends to defending not just one's self and one's property but also one's nearest and dearest and family," says solicitor Robert Brown. |
| "If I was married and my wife was being attacked then it would be a form of self-defence by analogy to protect property or family. So to that extent there would be some permission." | "If I was married and my wife was being attacked then it would be a form of self-defence by analogy to protect property or family. So to that extent there would be some permission." |
| WHO, WHAT, WHY? A regular part of the BBC News Magazine, Who, What, Why? aims to answer some of the questions behind the headlines Self-defence would extend to a student, in the case of a teacher, but not to a stranger, although it would be interesting to see how the law develops given recent events, Mr Brown adds. | WHO, WHAT, WHY? A regular part of the BBC News Magazine, Who, What, Why? aims to answer some of the questions behind the headlines Self-defence would extend to a student, in the case of a teacher, but not to a stranger, although it would be interesting to see how the law develops given recent events, Mr Brown adds. |
| But there is another way to argue that an assault committed to protect a stranger was lawful. | But there is another way to argue that an assault committed to protect a stranger was lawful. |
| The Criminal Law Act is aimed at preventing a crime and permits assault if, for example, a shoplifter is being stopped from leaving a store. | The Criminal Law Act is aimed at preventing a crime and permits assault if, for example, a shoplifter is being stopped from leaving a store. |
| "Therefore by analogy if you see someone beating up a stranger and intervene and you are accused of assault then you could use the Criminal Law Act to say 'I've a defence because I've prevented a crime,'" says Mr Brown. | "Therefore by analogy if you see someone beating up a stranger and intervene and you are accused of assault then you could use the Criminal Law Act to say 'I've a defence because I've prevented a crime,'" says Mr Brown. |
| "Therefore there's a rather broad defence in law to protect someone who intervenes." | "Therefore there's a rather broad defence in law to protect someone who intervenes." |
| Citizen's arrest | Citizen's arrest |
| The force used must be "reasonable and proportionate" and that is decided by a jury, which should take into account the difficulty of assessing what this means in the heat of the moment. | The force used must be "reasonable and proportionate" and that is decided by a jury, which should take into account the difficulty of assessing what this means in the heat of the moment. |
| Lawrence died helping othersAnd there is another piece of legislation, the Police and Criminal Evidence Act 1984, that allows any person to make a citizen's arrest under certain circumstances - including if they witness an arrestable offence. | Lawrence died helping othersAnd there is another piece of legislation, the Police and Criminal Evidence Act 1984, that allows any person to make a citizen's arrest under certain circumstances - including if they witness an arrestable offence. |
| In Scotland, the self-defence law is slightly broader and covers acting on behalf of anyone else, says Alasdair Thomson of the Glasgow Law Practice. | |
| "You can act in self-defence of another in Scots law and you can come to the assistance of a person under threat of imminent physical violence," he says. | |
| "But the response has to be proportionate to the violence that's potentially being meted out. It's not classed as an assault because there's no intent to injure." | |
| Much as I would want to help out another person who was being attacked or abused, these situations can quickly escalate into violence John, London Jeremy Vine: 'Next time, I'm stepping in' But the advice from police is unequivocally against intervention. A spokeswoman for the Association of Chief Police Officers says they have only one instruction - call the police. | |
| And a Home Office statement said: "The public should not intervene in any situations of any criminal activity. They may put themselves in danger, exacerbate the situation and ultimately be acting on the wrong side of the law." | And a Home Office statement said: "The public should not intervene in any situations of any criminal activity. They may put themselves in danger, exacerbate the situation and ultimately be acting on the wrong side of the law." |
| Those who have stepped in have sometimes found the authorities interpret events in an unsympathetic way. | Those who have stepped in have sometimes found the authorities interpret events in an unsympathetic way. |
| A rail guard who intervened to protect passengers from a man who had allegedly threatened them has reportedly been sacked and charged with threatening behaviour, after appearing to head-butt the man. | |
| Lottery | |
| And in a separate incident, Magazine reader John, from London, says he was charged with grievous bodily harm after a teenager who had been abusing a woman in a petrol station then squared up to him and threatened to knock him out. John punched the youth and fractured his jaw. | And in a separate incident, Magazine reader John, from London, says he was charged with grievous bodily harm after a teenager who had been abusing a woman in a petrol station then squared up to him and threatened to knock him out. John punched the youth and fractured his jaw. |
| He was charged with GBH, suspended from work, depicted as a thug by lawyers and faced the prospect of jail, but the charge was dropped when CCTV evidence clearly showed the youth, who was eventually convicted of affray, behaving threateningly. | |
| "Much as I would want to help out another person who was being attacked or abused, these situations can quickly escalate into violence," says John. | "Much as I would want to help out another person who was being attacked or abused, these situations can quickly escalate into violence," says John. |
| "And even if you don't get hurt as a result, the police are going to get involved, as are lawyers who are smart enough to make the whole thing a lottery." | "And even if you don't get hurt as a result, the police are going to get involved, as are lawyers who are smart enough to make the whole thing a lottery." |