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| Timbuktu Gives France’s President an Ecstatic Welcome | |
| (35 minutes later) | |
| TIMBUKTU, Mali — France’s president, François Hollande, paid a triumphant visit to this ancient city on Saturday, receiving a rapturous welcome from thousands of people who gathered in a dusty square next to a 14th century mosque to dance, play drums and chant, “Vive la France!” The muezzin of the mosque, whose singing calls residents to pray five times a day, wore a scarf in the colors of the French flag around his neck, as he shouted, “Vive Hollande!” | TIMBUKTU, Mali — France’s president, François Hollande, paid a triumphant visit to this ancient city on Saturday, receiving a rapturous welcome from thousands of people who gathered in a dusty square next to a 14th century mosque to dance, play drums and chant, “Vive la France!” The muezzin of the mosque, whose singing calls residents to pray five times a day, wore a scarf in the colors of the French flag around his neck, as he shouted, “Vive Hollande!” |
| But even as thousands of people gathered outside the mud and wood mosque here to greet Mr. Hollande, hailing him as the city’s, and their country’s, savior, questions remain about what, exactly, France has accomplished aside from chasing Islamic extremists from the cities and into their desert and mountain redoubts. | But even as thousands of people gathered outside the mud and wood mosque here to greet Mr. Hollande, hailing him as the city’s, and their country’s, savior, questions remain about what, exactly, France has accomplished aside from chasing Islamic extremists from the cities and into their desert and mountain redoubts. |
| “These Islamists, they have not been defeated,” said Moustapha Ben Essagouté, a member of one of the city’s most prominent families who lined up to greet Mr. Hollande here. “Hardly any of them have been killed. They have run into the desert and the mountains to hide.” | “These Islamists, they have not been defeated,” said Moustapha Ben Essagouté, a member of one of the city’s most prominent families who lined up to greet Mr. Hollande here. “Hardly any of them have been killed. They have run into the desert and the mountains to hide.” |
| Mr. Hollande, speaking to French and Malian troops gathered here, praised the alacrity of their victories. | Mr. Hollande, speaking to French and Malian troops gathered here, praised the alacrity of their victories. |
| “You have accomplished an exceptional mission,” he said. But, he later added, “The fight is not over.” | “You have accomplished an exceptional mission,” he said. But, he later added, “The fight is not over.” |
| Indeed, little is known about the fate of fighters who fled the cities that have been retaken in a lightning northward advance by French and Malian troops. In interviews, residents of cities abandoned by the Islamist rebels have said that the bulk of the fighters fled in the night long before the French arrived. | Indeed, little is known about the fate of fighters who fled the cities that have been retaken in a lightning northward advance by French and Malian troops. In interviews, residents of cities abandoned by the Islamist rebels have said that the bulk of the fighters fled in the night long before the French arrived. |
| With their deep familiarity of the vast, forbidding territory between this city and the borders of Algeria and Mauritania, many worry that the Islamist groups will simply regroup and come back to try again. | With their deep familiarity of the vast, forbidding territory between this city and the borders of Algeria and Mauritania, many worry that the Islamist groups will simply regroup and come back to try again. |
| “If France leaves, they will come back,” Mr. Essagouté said. | “If France leaves, they will come back,” Mr. Essagouté said. |
| The spidery network of Islamist militants in Mali numbers about 2,000 hard-core fighters, according to American intelligence officials. The most dangerous component of that mix is Al Qaeda’s affiliate in North Africa, known as Al Qaeda in the Islamic Maghreb or A.Q.I.M., the officials said. | The spidery network of Islamist militants in Mali numbers about 2,000 hard-core fighters, according to American intelligence officials. The most dangerous component of that mix is Al Qaeda’s affiliate in North Africa, known as Al Qaeda in the Islamic Maghreb or A.Q.I.M., the officials said. |
| A.Q.I.M. is attracting heavily armed Islamists from about 10 countries across North and West Africa, making Mali the biggest magnet for jihadi fighters other than Syria, one of the senior American intelligence officials said. | A.Q.I.M. is attracting heavily armed Islamists from about 10 countries across North and West Africa, making Mali the biggest magnet for jihadi fighters other than Syria, one of the senior American intelligence officials said. |
| The Islamists that advanced toward a pivotal frontier town on Jan. 10 — leading to worries of a possible advance to the capital and drawing France into the battle — were well armed, with AK-47s, rocket-propelled grenades and heavy machine guns mounted on vehicles, as well as some armored personnel carriers seized from the Malian military last year. | The Islamists that advanced toward a pivotal frontier town on Jan. 10 — leading to worries of a possible advance to the capital and drawing France into the battle — were well armed, with AK-47s, rocket-propelled grenades and heavy machine guns mounted on vehicles, as well as some armored personnel carriers seized from the Malian military last year. |
| American military and counterterrorism officials applauded the speed and efficiency of the French-led operation, but they voiced concerns that the militants had ceded the northern cities with little or no resistance in order to prepare for a longer, bloodier counterinsurgency. | American military and counterterrorism officials applauded the speed and efficiency of the French-led operation, but they voiced concerns that the militants had ceded the northern cities with little or no resistance in order to prepare for a longer, bloodier counterinsurgency. |
| "Longer term, and the French know this, it’s going to take a while to root out all these cells and operatives," Michael Sheehan, the Pentagon’s top special operations policy official, told a defense industry symposium on Wednesday. | "Longer term, and the French know this, it’s going to take a while to root out all these cells and operatives," Michael Sheehan, the Pentagon’s top special operations policy official, told a defense industry symposium on Wednesday. |
| The senior United States intelligence official said that the real measure of success would not be geographical, but whether follow-up operations in the north would be able to degrade Al Qaeda in the Islamic Maghreb and other Islamist groups. | The senior United States intelligence official said that the real measure of success would not be geographical, but whether follow-up operations in the north would be able to degrade Al Qaeda in the Islamic Maghreb and other Islamist groups. |
| Like other American officials, he spoke on the condition of anonymity because operations in Mali are ongoing. | Like other American officials, he spoke on the condition of anonymity because operations in Mali are ongoing. |
| For now, the people of Timbuktu were grateful. They waved French and Malian flags, danced and sang to the thumping rhythms of djembe drums, which were banned under the harsh version of Shariah imposed by the Islamist group that took control of the city. Men and women danced side by side. | For now, the people of Timbuktu were grateful. They waved French and Malian flags, danced and sang to the thumping rhythms of djembe drums, which were banned under the harsh version of Shariah imposed by the Islamist group that took control of the city. Men and women danced side by side. |
| As the diminutive Mr. Hollande, ringed by security guards, plunged into the crowd, shaking hands and smiling, some waved banners that said “Papa François, the mysterious city welcomes you.” | As the diminutive Mr. Hollande, ringed by security guards, plunged into the crowd, shaking hands and smiling, some waved banners that said “Papa François, the mysterious city welcomes you.” |
| “Hollande is our savior,” said Arkia Baby, a 24-year-old college student, who wore a purple batik dress of a style banned by the Islamists. “He gave us back our freedom.” That sentiment represents a strange twist in France’s often troubled history in Africa. France had a vast belt of colonies here that spanned the Sahara, from the Atlantic coast to just short of the Red Sea. After many of its colonies won independence in 1960, many remained bound to France, using a currency pegged to the Franc and then the euro, maintaining close trade, military and diplomatic ties. | “Hollande is our savior,” said Arkia Baby, a 24-year-old college student, who wore a purple batik dress of a style banned by the Islamists. “He gave us back our freedom.” That sentiment represents a strange twist in France’s often troubled history in Africa. France had a vast belt of colonies here that spanned the Sahara, from the Atlantic coast to just short of the Red Sea. After many of its colonies won independence in 1960, many remained bound to France, using a currency pegged to the Franc and then the euro, maintaining close trade, military and diplomatic ties. |
| France’s role has been fraught with moral peril. It pioneered brutal techniques to put down insurgencies in the Algerian war for independence, carpet-bombing villages suspected of harboring nationalist guerrillas. Perhaps the nadir of French involvement in Africa came in the early 1990s, when France staunchly supported the Hutu-dominated government of Rwanda, despite growing signs that a blood bath was in the making. | France’s role has been fraught with moral peril. It pioneered brutal techniques to put down insurgencies in the Algerian war for independence, carpet-bombing villages suspected of harboring nationalist guerrillas. Perhaps the nadir of French involvement in Africa came in the early 1990s, when France staunchly supported the Hutu-dominated government of Rwanda, despite growing signs that a blood bath was in the making. |
| More recently, French military intervention in Ivory Coast may have heightened ethnic tensions in that country. Even though the French intervened to install the country’s democratically elected leader, because the vote was cast along ethnic lines they were seen as favoring northerners and Muslims over southern Christians. | More recently, French military intervention in Ivory Coast may have heightened ethnic tensions in that country. Even though the French intervened to install the country’s democratically elected leader, because the vote was cast along ethnic lines they were seen as favoring northerners and Muslims over southern Christians. |
| Mr. Hollande refused to give a timetable for the withdrawal of the 3,500 French troops currently in Mali, saying only that they would remain until Mali had retaken control of all its territory and the United Nations-backed African force was in place. Mr. Hollande, who has frequently been criticized for dithering, has gotten a small bump in the polls at home after moving quickly to send the French military to the aid of a weak, transitional government in Mali that seemed in imminent danger of falling last month. The Islamists who began to roll south were equipped with weaponry taken from Libya as the government of Col. Muammar el-Qaddafi was collapsing. | Mr. Hollande refused to give a timetable for the withdrawal of the 3,500 French troops currently in Mali, saying only that they would remain until Mali had retaken control of all its territory and the United Nations-backed African force was in place. Mr. Hollande, who has frequently been criticized for dithering, has gotten a small bump in the polls at home after moving quickly to send the French military to the aid of a weak, transitional government in Mali that seemed in imminent danger of falling last month. The Islamists who began to roll south were equipped with weaponry taken from Libya as the government of Col. Muammar el-Qaddafi was collapsing. |
| While the French have moved quickly to drive the Islamists out of population centers in the north, with the loss of only one French helicopter pilot, Mr. Hollande’s aides are conscious of the risks of overstaying and becoming targets themselves. | While the French have moved quickly to drive the Islamists out of population centers in the north, with the loss of only one French helicopter pilot, Mr. Hollande’s aides are conscious of the risks of overstaying and becoming targets themselves. |
| The French strategy has been to push the Islamists back into farther northern deserts and hills, where they can be watched by drones and attacked from the air. The French expect that the Islamists will have a harder time provisioning themselves with gasoline and food, especially if Algeria, as promised, seals its border with Mali, and that they will find it harder to plan further raids and kidnappings of Westerners in the region that have helped finance their insurgency. | The French strategy has been to push the Islamists back into farther northern deserts and hills, where they can be watched by drones and attacked from the air. The French expect that the Islamists will have a harder time provisioning themselves with gasoline and food, especially if Algeria, as promised, seals its border with Mali, and that they will find it harder to plan further raids and kidnappings of Westerners in the region that have helped finance their insurgency. |
| North Africa specialists and American intelligence officials say the militants might lay low until French forces leave, and then carry out attacks against the less able Malian and other West African forces. | North Africa specialists and American intelligence officials say the militants might lay low until French forces leave, and then carry out attacks against the less able Malian and other West African forces. |
| “Are they going to dig in and be guerrillas or go to ground and wait?” said Michael R. Shurkin, a former United States government intelligence analyst who is now at the RAND Corporation. | “Are they going to dig in and be guerrillas or go to ground and wait?” said Michael R. Shurkin, a former United States government intelligence analyst who is now at the RAND Corporation. |
| French officials have also voiced concerns about charges that the regular Malian Army has been guilty of human rights abuses, including murders of Tuareg and Arab civilians they accuse of ties to the militants. | French officials have also voiced concerns about charges that the regular Malian Army has been guilty of human rights abuses, including murders of Tuareg and Arab civilians they accuse of ties to the militants. |
| Mr. Hollande warned the French and African troops here that they must take care to avoid abuses, lest they “tarnish the mission.” | Mr. Hollande warned the French and African troops here that they must take care to avoid abuses, lest they “tarnish the mission.” |
| Writing in Liberation, the French columnist Vincent Giret argued that the French face an unhappy choice in Mali. If they remain on the front line they will look, “sooner or later, like white neocolonialists,” and any bad incident can turn public opinion quickly sour. But if the French Army “settles for a role supporting the Malian and African troops left on the front line, it then risks being accused of covering up abuses and score settlings.” | Writing in Liberation, the French columnist Vincent Giret argued that the French face an unhappy choice in Mali. If they remain on the front line they will look, “sooner or later, like white neocolonialists,” and any bad incident can turn public opinion quickly sour. But if the French Army “settles for a role supporting the Malian and African troops left on the front line, it then risks being accused of covering up abuses and score settlings.” |
Steven Erlanger contributed reporting from Munich, Eric Schmitt from Washington, and Scott Sayare from Paris. | Steven Erlanger contributed reporting from Munich, Eric Schmitt from Washington, and Scott Sayare from Paris. |