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| How Germany's south became the backbone of a vibrant economy | How Germany's south became the backbone of a vibrant economy |
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| It is hard to imagine now that southern Germany – Baden-Württemberg and Bavaria – was very poor in the 19th century, a largely agricultural area little touched by industrialisation. After the second world war, when hard graft and financial aid via the Marshall plan resulted in Germany's "Wirtschaftswunder" (economic miracle), the region rose to become the country's economic powerhouse. | It is hard to imagine now that southern Germany – Baden-Württemberg and Bavaria – was very poor in the 19th century, a largely agricultural area little touched by industrialisation. After the second world war, when hard graft and financial aid via the Marshall plan resulted in Germany's "Wirtschaftswunder" (economic miracle), the region rose to become the country's economic powerhouse. |
| Today the south is Germany's most prosperous part and home to tens of thousands of small and medium-sized privately-owned companies – known as the Mittelstand – hi-tech clusters and household names such as Daimler and Bosch. | Today the south is Germany's most prosperous part and home to tens of thousands of small and medium-sized privately-owned companies – known as the Mittelstand – hi-tech clusters and household names such as Daimler and Bosch. |
| Gerhard Pfeifer, who runs the eponymous ropemaking business in the picturesque town of Memmingen, where the unemployment rate is a mere 1.9%, says the Mittelstand is the backbone of the German economy. Crucial to its success is Germany's tradition of craftsmanship – on-the-job training with some theory thrown in. For example, Pfeifer's late father, who took over the business after the second world war, was a master ropemaker, as is Gerhard Pfeifer's sister, Renate Pfeifer-Lerner. The firm has taken on 12 new trainees this year, taking the total to nearly 50. | Gerhard Pfeifer, who runs the eponymous ropemaking business in the picturesque town of Memmingen, where the unemployment rate is a mere 1.9%, says the Mittelstand is the backbone of the German economy. Crucial to its success is Germany's tradition of craftsmanship – on-the-job training with some theory thrown in. For example, Pfeifer's late father, who took over the business after the second world war, was a master ropemaker, as is Gerhard Pfeifer's sister, Renate Pfeifer-Lerner. The firm has taken on 12 new trainees this year, taking the total to nearly 50. |
| Pfeifer also credits the south-west's entrepreneurial spirit. About 95% of the 128,000 Mittelstand companies in Swabia (Bayerisch-Schwaben) are family businesses which despite their high export activity – 40% of their turnover goes abroad – remain rooted in the region through their close involvement with local social and cultural institutions. | Pfeifer also credits the south-west's entrepreneurial spirit. About 95% of the 128,000 Mittelstand companies in Swabia (Bayerisch-Schwaben) are family businesses which despite their high export activity – 40% of their turnover goes abroad – remain rooted in the region through their close involvement with local social and cultural institutions. |
| "The German Mittelstand sees itself as rooted in the real economy – not finance-oriented but focused on quality and performance," he said. "You need banks that support this and don't treat companies as commodities." He is horrified at the idea that only 10% of global capital is based on real values, with the vast majority driven by speculation on financial markets. | "The German Mittelstand sees itself as rooted in the real economy – not finance-oriented but focused on quality and performance," he said. "You need banks that support this and don't treat companies as commodities." He is horrified at the idea that only 10% of global capital is based on real values, with the vast majority driven by speculation on financial markets. |
| The Pfeifer business, whose steel ropes are used in lifts, cranes, bridges, mines and sports stadiums, as well as featuring in the London 2012 Olympics opening ceremony, is a typical Mittelstand company, albeit older than most. It has been run by the same family since the 16th century, when the oldest surviving document mentioned a dispute between two ropemakers, one of whom was Pfeifer's ancestor. Today the business employs 1,200 people, with nearly half of them working in its historical base in Memmingen. It generates an annual turnover of €220m (£176m) and has subsidiaries in 17 countries around the world, including China, Russia and Dubai. | The Pfeifer business, whose steel ropes are used in lifts, cranes, bridges, mines and sports stadiums, as well as featuring in the London 2012 Olympics opening ceremony, is a typical Mittelstand company, albeit older than most. It has been run by the same family since the 16th century, when the oldest surviving document mentioned a dispute between two ropemakers, one of whom was Pfeifer's ancestor. Today the business employs 1,200 people, with nearly half of them working in its historical base in Memmingen. It generates an annual turnover of €220m (£176m) and has subsidiaries in 17 countries around the world, including China, Russia and Dubai. |
| Pfeifer is hopeful that the company can survive in an Asian-dominated future thanks to its hi-tech products. The firm is one of Germany's "hidden champions" – little known companies that have carved out a niche for themselves and become successful internationally. | Pfeifer is hopeful that the company can survive in an Asian-dominated future thanks to its hi-tech products. The firm is one of Germany's "hidden champions" – little known companies that have carved out a niche for themselves and become successful internationally. |
| In nearby Leipheim, Wanzl is a third-generation family business that makes every second shopping trolley in the world (2.8m a year), along with hand baskets, luggage trolleys, baggage carts and vending units, and also designs shop interiors. It employs about 4,000 staff, more than half of whom are in Germany, and has factories in seven countries including China. Its clients include Tesco and Sainsbury's. | In nearby Leipheim, Wanzl is a third-generation family business that makes every second shopping trolley in the world (2.8m a year), along with hand baskets, luggage trolleys, baggage carts and vending units, and also designs shop interiors. It employs about 4,000 staff, more than half of whom are in Germany, and has factories in seven countries including China. Its clients include Tesco and Sainsbury's. |
| Gottfried Wanzl, whose grandfather and father were locksmiths and started the business after the war, inspired by the American inventor of the shopping trolley, Sylvan Goldman, said: "Germans tend towards perfection. Our work mania is often sneered at abroad but it's typical German culture – if you start something you do it with passion and see it through to conclusion." | Gottfried Wanzl, whose grandfather and father were locksmiths and started the business after the war, inspired by the American inventor of the shopping trolley, Sylvan Goldman, said: "Germans tend towards perfection. Our work mania is often sneered at abroad but it's typical German culture – if you start something you do it with passion and see it through to conclusion." |
| German manufacturers have been quick to set up factories and sales offices in China and have invested heavily in technology and design. When Wanzl said: "We remain the innovator, not the plagiarist", and argues that his firm's broad product range is known for high quality and reliability on the world market, this sums up the situation for many German companies. | German manufacturers have been quick to set up factories and sales offices in China and have invested heavily in technology and design. When Wanzl said: "We remain the innovator, not the plagiarist", and argues that his firm's broad product range is known for high quality and reliability on the world market, this sums up the situation for many German companies. |
| Germany's local savings banks (Sparkassen and Genossenschaftsbanken) are a key pillar of the Mittelstand, a source of funding for small firms. While supporting traditional German values like saving, Pfeifer admitted: "Saving alone has never catapulted a company to the top." He also recognises that the debt-laden southern European countries in the eurozone have a different financial culture and cannot be expected to change from one day to the next. | Germany's local savings banks (Sparkassen and Genossenschaftsbanken) are a key pillar of the Mittelstand, a source of funding for small firms. While supporting traditional German values like saving, Pfeifer admitted: "Saving alone has never catapulted a company to the top." He also recognises that the debt-laden southern European countries in the eurozone have a different financial culture and cannot be expected to change from one day to the next. |
| There is a clash of cultures and values. He notes that "a stable currency, formerly the D-mark, and the independence of the Bundesbank are key elements of Germany's prosperity, having contributed to the economic miracle after the war, and this is in danger of evaporating. This is what Germans are afraid of." But while structural reforms are clearly needed in the southern European countries, "Germany will not want to be the bogeyman that drove them to ruin", he added. | There is a clash of cultures and values. He notes that "a stable currency, formerly the D-mark, and the independence of the Bundesbank are key elements of Germany's prosperity, having contributed to the economic miracle after the war, and this is in danger of evaporating. This is what Germans are afraid of." But while structural reforms are clearly needed in the southern European countries, "Germany will not want to be the bogeyman that drove them to ruin", he added. |
| Pfeifer believes that Angela Merkel's cautious stance on more help for crisis-ridden countries and her resistance to eurobonds – commonly issued debt – are merely tactical behaviour designed to maintain pressure on those countries and to placate Germans. | Pfeifer believes that Angela Merkel's cautious stance on more help for crisis-ridden countries and her resistance to eurobonds – commonly issued debt – are merely tactical behaviour designed to maintain pressure on those countries and to placate Germans. |
| Wanzl also sees no alternative to more EU bailouts for troubled eurozone countries: "There would only be losers if Europe fell apart." He notes that even Germany has highly indebted cities and regions – such as Berlin, Hamburg, Bremen and the Saarland state – that are subsidised by the wealthier parts. "If Europe were to break up into small states, we would play a diminishing role in a globalised world," he added. | Wanzl also sees no alternative to more EU bailouts for troubled eurozone countries: "There would only be losers if Europe fell apart." He notes that even Germany has highly indebted cities and regions – such as Berlin, Hamburg, Bremen and the Saarland state – that are subsidised by the wealthier parts. "If Europe were to break up into small states, we would play a diminishing role in a globalised world," he added. |
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