National Insurance calculator: How much will the 2p cut save me and what is income tax?

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A 2p cut in National Insurance (NI) will come into effect on Saturday.

However, previous changes to the way tax is calculated mean the amount people pay overall is rising.

How much will National Insurance cuts save me?

The starting rate for NI changed from 10% to 8% for 27 million workers from 6 April 2024.

Chancellor Jeremy Hunt said when announcing the measure in his Budget that this is worth about £450 a year to an employee on an average salary of £35,000.

Two million self-employed workers will also get a cut in NI.

Their rate will fall from 9% to 6%. The government has said that is worth £350 to a self-employed person earning £28,200.

Budget: Key points at-a-glance

What does the Budget mean for you?

Since 6 January, millions of employees have been paying 10% on their earnings between £12,571 and £50,270. They previously paid 12%.

The government has said that when combined with the latest cut, a worker on £35,000 will save about £900 a year.

In addition, from 6 April 2024, two million self-employed people will pay 8% on profits between £12,571 and £50,270, down from 9%.

They will no longer pay a separate category of NI called Class 2 contributions.

When combined with the cut to 6% announced in the Budget, the government has said they will save £650.

The NI rate on income and profits above £50,270 remains at 2%.

How does National Insurance work and what does it pay for?

The government uses National Insurance contributions (NICs) to pay for benefits and help fund the NHS.

NI rates apply across the UK. You start paying NI when you turn 16 and earn over £242 a week, or have profits of more than £12,570 a year.

It is not paid by people over state pension age, even if they are working.

Eligibility for some benefits, including the state pension, depends on the NI contributions you make across your working life.

The government records how many years of contributions you have made. Paying a lower rate of NI does not mean you contribute fewer.

If you do not work, for example because you are a carer or claim benefits, you might be able to receive NI credits instead, which mean you will still qualify for the relevant benefits.

You can also make voluntary contributions to plug gaps in your record.

How does National Insurance work?

Check your National Insurance record

Why are millions paying more tax?

Despite the NI cuts, millions will still pay more tax overall because of changes to the tax thresholds.

These are the income levels at which people start paying NI or income tax, or have to pay higher rates.

These used to rise every year in line with inflation.

However the NI threshold and tax-free personal allowance - the amount you can earn every year before you have to pay income tax - have been frozen at £12,570 until 2028. Higher-rate tax will continue to kick in for earnings above £50,270.

Freezing the thresholds means that more people start paying tax and NI as their wages increase, and more people pay higher rates.

It will create 3.2 million extra taxpayers by 2028, and 2.6 million more people will pay higher rates, according to the Office for Budget Responsibility (OBR), which independently assesses the government's economic plans.

According to the Institute for Fiscal Studies (IFS) think thank, the freeze cancels out the benefits of the NI cuts for some workers.

In the upcoming financial year, an average earner will have a tax cut of about £340 - from the combined tax changes - and people earning between £26,000 and £60,000 will be better off.

But by 2027, the average earner would be only £140 better off - and only people earning between £32,000 and £55,000 a year would be better off.

What are the current income-tax rates?

Income tax is paid on earnings from employment and profits from self-employment during the tax year, which runs from 6 April to 5 April the following year.

Income tax is also paid on some benefits and pensions, income from renting out property, and returns from savings and investments above certain limits.

The Basic rate is 20% and is paid on annual earnings between £12,571 and £50,270.

The Higher rate is 40%, and is paid on earnings between £50,271 and £125,140.

Once you earn more than £100,000, you also start losing your tax-free personal allowance.

You lose £1 of your personal allowance for every £2 that your income goes above £100,000.

Anyone earning more than £125,140 a year no longer has any tax-free personal allowance.

The additional rate of income tax is 45%, and is paid on all earnings above £125,140 a year.

These apply in England, Wales and Northern Ireland.

Some income tax rates are different in Scotland.

InScotland a new 45% band has taken effect. The top rate has also risen from 47% to 48%.

Who pays most in income tax?

For most families, income tax is the single biggest tax they pay.

But for less well-off households, a greater share of family income goes on taxes on spending, known as indirect taxes.

For the poorest fifth of households, VAT is the biggest single tax paid.

How do UK taxes compare with other countries like France and Germany?

You can look at the amount of tax raised as a proportion of the size of the economy, or GDP.

In 2022 - the most recent year for which international comparisons can be made - that figure was 35.3%.

That puts the UK right in the middle of the G7 group of big economies.

France, Italy and Germany tax more; Canada, Japan and the US tax less.

However, overall taxation in the UK is high compared with historical rates.

In its assessment of the 2024 Budget, the OBR said the government will collect 37.1p of every pound generated in the economy in 2028/29.

That will be the highest level in 80 years.

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