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| What is the infected blood scandal and what compensation is there? | What is the infected blood scandal and what compensation is there? |
| (21 days later) | |
| More than 30,000 people in the UK were infected with HIV and hepatitis C after being given contaminated blood products in the 1970s and 1980s. | More than 30,000 people in the UK were infected with HIV and hepatitis C after being given contaminated blood products in the 1970s and 1980s. |
| A public inquiry described the scale of the scandal as "horrifying" and accused doctors, the government and NHS of repeatedly failing patients. | A public inquiry described the scale of the scandal as "horrifying" and accused doctors, the government and NHS of repeatedly failing patients. |
| The government says the first compensation payments to victims will be made by the end of the year. | The government says the first compensation payments to victims will be made by the end of the year. |
| Who was given infected blood and how many died? | Who was given infected blood and how many died? |
| Two main groups of NHS patients were affected by what has been called the biggest treatment disaster in the history of the NHS. | Two main groups of NHS patients were affected by what has been called the biggest treatment disaster in the history of the NHS. |
| Firstly, haemophiliacs - and those with similar disorders - who have a rare genetic condition which means their blood does not clot properly., external | Firstly, haemophiliacs - and those with similar disorders - who have a rare genetic condition which means their blood does not clot properly., external |
| People with haemophilia A have a shortage of a clotting agent called Factor VIII, while people with haemophilia B do not have enough Factor IX. | People with haemophilia A have a shortage of a clotting agent called Factor VIII, while people with haemophilia B do not have enough Factor IX. |
| In the 1970s, a new treatment using donated human blood plasma was developed to replace these clotting agents. | In the 1970s, a new treatment using donated human blood plasma was developed to replace these clotting agents. |
| But whole batches were contaminated with deadly viruses. | But whole batches were contaminated with deadly viruses. |
| After being given the infected treatments, about 1,250 people in the UK with bleeding disorders developed both HIV and hepatitis C, including 380 children. | After being given the infected treatments, about 1,250 people in the UK with bleeding disorders developed both HIV and hepatitis C, including 380 children. |
| Colin Smith, who died aged seven, was one of 380 children now thought to have been infected with HIV through contaminated blood products. | Colin Smith, who died aged seven, was one of 380 children now thought to have been infected with HIV through contaminated blood products. |
| Colin Smith, who died aged seven, was one of 380 children now thought to have been infected with HIV through contaminated blood products. | Colin Smith, who died aged seven, was one of 380 children now thought to have been infected with HIV through contaminated blood products. |
| About two-thirds later died of Aids-related illnesses. Some unintentionally gave HIV to their partners. | About two-thirds later died of Aids-related illnesses. Some unintentionally gave HIV to their partners. |
| Another 2,400 to 5,000 people developed hepatitis C on its own, which can cause cirrhosis and liver cancer. | Another 2,400 to 5,000 people developed hepatitis C on its own, which can cause cirrhosis and liver cancer. |
| It is difficult to know the exact number of people infected with hepatitis C, partly because it can take decades for symptoms to appear. | It is difficult to know the exact number of people infected with hepatitis C, partly because it can take decades for symptoms to appear. |
| A second group of patients were given contaminated blood transfusions after childbirth, surgery or other medical treatment between 1970 and 1991. | A second group of patients were given contaminated blood transfusions after childbirth, surgery or other medical treatment between 1970 and 1991. |
| The inquiry estimates between 80 and 100 of these people were infected with HIV, and about 27,000 with hepatitis C. | The inquiry estimates between 80 and 100 of these people were infected with HIV, and about 27,000 with hepatitis C. |
| In total, it is thought about 2,900 people have died. | In total, it is thought about 2,900 people have died. |
| The Haemophilia Society believes 650 people infected with contaminated blood products, or their bereaved partners, have died since the inquiry was announced in 2017. | The Haemophilia Society believes 650 people infected with contaminated blood products, or their bereaved partners, have died since the inquiry was announced in 2017. |
| What did the infected blood inquiry say? | What did the infected blood inquiry say? |
| Announcing its findings, the inquiry said victims had been failed "not once, but repeatedly", and that the risk of viral infections in blood products had been known since 1948. | Announcing its findings, the inquiry said victims had been failed "not once, but repeatedly", and that the risk of viral infections in blood products had been known since 1948. |
| Inquiry chairman Sir Brian Langstaff said there had been a lack of openness from the authorities and elements of "downright deception", including the destruction of documents. | Inquiry chairman Sir Brian Langstaff said there had been a lack of openness from the authorities and elements of "downright deception", including the destruction of documents. |
| He said half-truths were also told, so people did not know about the risk of their treatment, the availability of alternatives, or even whether they were infected. | He said half-truths were also told, so people did not know about the risk of their treatment, the availability of alternatives, or even whether they were infected. |
| "This disaster was not an accident," said Sir Brian. "The infections happened because those in authority - doctors, the blood services and successive governments - did not put patient safety first." | "This disaster was not an accident," said Sir Brian. "The infections happened because those in authority - doctors, the blood services and successive governments - did not put patient safety first." |
| The report said, external: | The report said, external: |
| too little was done to stop importing blood products from abroad, which used blood from high-risk donors such as prisoners and drug addicts | too little was done to stop importing blood products from abroad, which used blood from high-risk donors such as prisoners and drug addicts |
| too little was done to stop importing blood products from abroad, which used blood from high-risk donors such as prisoners and drug addicts | too little was done to stop importing blood products from abroad, which used blood from high-risk donors such as prisoners and drug addicts |
| in the UK, blood donations were accepted from high-risk groups such as prisoners until 1986 | in the UK, blood donations were accepted from high-risk groups such as prisoners until 1986 |
| in the UK, blood donations were accepted from high-risk groups such as prisoners until 1986 | in the UK, blood donations were accepted from high-risk groups such as prisoners until 1986 |
| blood products were not heat-treated to eliminate HIV until the end of 1985, although the risks were known in 1982 | blood products were not heat-treated to eliminate HIV until the end of 1985, although the risks were known in 1982 |
| blood products were not heat-treated to eliminate HIV until the end of 1985, although the risks were known in 1982 | blood products were not heat-treated to eliminate HIV until the end of 1985, although the risks were known in 1982 |
| there was too little testing to reduce the risk of hepatitis, from the 1970s onwards | there was too little testing to reduce the risk of hepatitis, from the 1970s onwards |
| there was too little testing to reduce the risk of hepatitis, from the 1970s onwards | there was too little testing to reduce the risk of hepatitis, from the 1970s onwards |
| What compensation will infected blood victims get? | What compensation will infected blood victims get? |
| The total cost of compensation is expected to run into billions of pounds. | The total cost of compensation is expected to run into billions of pounds. |
| The amounts are being judged under five criteria - harm caused, social impact from stigma and isolation, impact on autonomy and private life, care costs and financial loss. | The amounts are being judged under five criteria - harm caused, social impact from stigma and isolation, impact on autonomy and private life, care costs and financial loss. |
| The first payments will be made to those who were infected, the Labour government has said. Family members and loved ones of those infected will also be entitled to compensation from next year. | The first payments will be made to those who were infected, the Labour government has said. Family members and loved ones of those infected will also be entitled to compensation from next year. |
| Outlining the compensation scheme in May, following the public inquiry, the then-Conservative government set out the amounts people could expect to receive., external It said these would be exempt from tax, and would not affect benefits. | Outlining the compensation scheme in May, following the public inquiry, the then-Conservative government set out the amounts people could expect to receive., external It said these would be exempt from tax, and would not affect benefits. |
| A person infected with HIV, for example, could expect to receive compensation of between £2.2m and £2.6m. These are average ranges rather than upper and lower limits. | A person infected with HIV, for example, could expect to receive compensation of between £2.2m and £2.6m. These are average ranges rather than upper and lower limits. |
| Those with a chronic hepatitis C infection, defined as lasting more than six months, could expect to receive between £665,000 and £810,000. | Those with a chronic hepatitis C infection, defined as lasting more than six months, could expect to receive between £665,000 and £810,000. |
| Examples of compensation awards for the family members of those infected were also given. | Examples of compensation awards for the family members of those infected were also given. |
| The partner of someone infected with HIV who is still alive today, for example, could expect to receive about £110,000, while a child could get £55,000. | The partner of someone infected with HIV who is still alive today, for example, could expect to receive about £110,000, while a child could get £55,000. |
| If their loved one has died and they were financially dependent on them, annual payments would be available. | If their loved one has died and they were financially dependent on them, annual payments would be available. |
| In cases where people who would be entitled to compensation have died, the money will go to their estate. | In cases where people who would be entitled to compensation have died, the money will go to their estate. |
| The Conservative government was criticised for waiting until after the publication of the final report to announce the compensation plans. | The Conservative government was criticised for waiting until after the publication of the final report to announce the compensation plans. |
| Bereaved families heckled then-prime minister Rishi Sunak in July 2023 when he told the inquiry that the government would act as "quickly as possible". | Bereaved families heckled then-prime minister Rishi Sunak in July 2023 when he told the inquiry that the government would act as "quickly as possible". |
| In late 2022, following advice from the inquiry, the government made interim payments of £100,000 each to about 4,000 surviving victims and some bereaved partners. | In late 2022, following advice from the inquiry, the government made interim payments of £100,000 each to about 4,000 surviving victims and some bereaved partners. |
| Infected blood inquiry: Read more | Infected blood inquiry: Read more |
| The victims, families and what happened | The victims, families and what happened |
| The victims, families and what happened | The victims, families and what happened |
| I lost mum, dad and sister to HIV in blood scandal | I lost mum, dad and sister to HIV in blood scandal |
| I lost mum, dad and sister to HIV in blood scandal | I lost mum, dad and sister to HIV in blood scandal |
| The school where dozens died in NHS blood scandal | The school where dozens died in NHS blood scandal |
| The school where dozens died in NHS blood scandal | The school where dozens died in NHS blood scandal |
| Children used as 'guinea pigs' in clinical trials | Children used as 'guinea pigs' in clinical trials |
| Children used as 'guinea pigs' in clinical trials | Children used as 'guinea pigs' in clinical trials |
| Hundreds infected with hepatitis C without knowing it | Hundreds infected with hepatitis C without knowing it |
| Hundreds infected with hepatitis C without knowing it | Hundreds infected with hepatitis C without knowing it |
| How did the infected blood scandal happen? | How did the infected blood scandal happen? |
| In the 1970s, the UK was struggling to meet the demand for blood-clotting treatments, so imported supplies from the US. | In the 1970s, the UK was struggling to meet the demand for blood-clotting treatments, so imported supplies from the US. |
| But much of the blood was bought from high-risk donors such as prison inmates and drug-users. | But much of the blood was bought from high-risk donors such as prison inmates and drug-users. |
| Factor VIII was made by pooling plasma from tens of thousands of donors. | Factor VIII was made by pooling plasma from tens of thousands of donors. |
| If just one was carrying a virus, the entire batch could be contaminated. | If just one was carrying a virus, the entire batch could be contaminated. |
| UK blood donations were not routinely screened for hepatitis C until 1991, 18 months after the virus was first identified. | UK blood donations were not routinely screened for hepatitis C until 1991, 18 months after the virus was first identified. |
| Jackie Britton, from Portsmouth, was infected with hepatitis C through a transfusion after the birth of her daughter in 1983 | Jackie Britton, from Portsmouth, was infected with hepatitis C through a transfusion after the birth of her daughter in 1983 |
| Jackie Britton, from Portsmouth, was infected with hepatitis C through a transfusion after the birth of her daughter in 1983 | Jackie Britton, from Portsmouth, was infected with hepatitis C through a transfusion after the birth of her daughter in 1983 |
| When did authorities know about infected blood? | When did authorities know about infected blood? |
| By the mid-1970s, there were repeated warnings that imported US Factor VIII carried a greater risk of infection. | By the mid-1970s, there were repeated warnings that imported US Factor VIII carried a greater risk of infection. |
| However, attempts to make the UK more self-sufficient in blood products failed, so the NHS continued using foreign supplies. | However, attempts to make the UK more self-sufficient in blood products failed, so the NHS continued using foreign supplies. |
| Campaigners say haemophiliacs could have been offered an alternative treatment called Cryoprecipitate. This was much harder to administer, but was made from the blood plasma of a single donor, lowering the infection risk. | Campaigners say haemophiliacs could have been offered an alternative treatment called Cryoprecipitate. This was much harder to administer, but was made from the blood plasma of a single donor, lowering the infection risk. |
| BBC News has also uncovered evidence children were infected with hepatitis C and HIV after being placed on clinical trials of new treatments - often, without their family's consent. | BBC News has also uncovered evidence children were infected with hepatitis C and HIV after being placed on clinical trials of new treatments - often, without their family's consent. |
| As late as November 1983, the government insisted there was no "conclusive proof" that HIV could be transmitted in blood, a line robustly defended by former health minister Ken Clarke when he appeared before the inquiry. | As late as November 1983, the government insisted there was no "conclusive proof" that HIV could be transmitted in blood, a line robustly defended by former health minister Ken Clarke when he appeared before the inquiry. |
| Carolyn Challis: "I got through two life-threatening rounds of cancer only to be given another life-threatening illness" | Carolyn Challis: "I got through two life-threatening rounds of cancer only to be given another life-threatening illness" |
| Carolyn Challis: "I got through two life-threatening rounds of cancer only to be given another life-threatening illness" | Carolyn Challis: "I got through two life-threatening rounds of cancer only to be given another life-threatening illness" |
| What happened in other countries affected by infected blood? | What happened in other countries affected by infected blood? |
| Many other countries were affected, although some - including Finland - used older treatments until much later rather than switch to Factor VIII, which minimised HIV infections., external | Many other countries were affected, although some - including Finland - used older treatments until much later rather than switch to Factor VIII, which minimised HIV infections., external |
| Delivering the findings of the inquiry, Sir Brian criticised UK government claims in the 1990s that screening for hepatitis C began as soon as the technology was available. | Delivering the findings of the inquiry, Sir Brian criticised UK government claims in the 1990s that screening for hepatitis C began as soon as the technology was available. |
| He said that 23 other countries - including Japan, Finland and Spain - introduced the screening before the UK. | He said that 23 other countries - including Japan, Finland and Spain - introduced the screening before the UK. |
| In the US, companies that supplied infected products have paid out millions in out-of-court settlements. | In the US, companies that supplied infected products have paid out millions in out-of-court settlements. |
| Politicians and drug companies have been convicted of negligence in countries including France and Japan. | Politicians and drug companies have been convicted of negligence in countries including France and Japan. |
| In his evidence to the inquiry, former health secretary Andy Burnham suggested there may be grounds for charges of corporate manslaughter, external in the UK. | In his evidence to the inquiry, former health secretary Andy Burnham suggested there may be grounds for charges of corporate manslaughter, external in the UK. |
| Related topics | |
| Public health | Public health |
| UK infected blood inquiry | UK infected blood inquiry |
| Health | Health |
| NHS | NHS |