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| Warming 'very likely' human-made | Warming 'very likely' human-made |
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| Climatic changes seen around the world are "very likely" to have a human cause, the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) will conclude. | Climatic changes seen around the world are "very likely" to have a human cause, the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) will conclude. |
| By "very likely", the IPCC means greater than 90% probability. | By "very likely", the IPCC means greater than 90% probability. |
| The scientific body is finalising its positions on some key issues, notably forecasts of sea level rise, as it prepares to publish a major report. | The scientific body is finalising its positions on some key issues, notably forecasts of sea level rise, as it prepares to publish a major report. |
| But a new study released on the eve of publication suggests its previous reports may have been too conservative. | But a new study released on the eve of publication suggests its previous reports may have been too conservative. |
| There is no doubt that for this period, the climate has been changing faster than the IPCC predicted Stefan Rahmstorf | There is no doubt that for this period, the climate has been changing faster than the IPCC predicted Stefan Rahmstorf |
| Research by an international group of scientists concludes that temperatures and sea levels have been rising at or above the maximum rates proposed during the last IPCC report in 2001. | Research by an international group of scientists concludes that temperatures and sea levels have been rising at or above the maximum rates proposed during the last IPCC report in 2001. |
| The first part of its 2007 report will be formally released on Friday morning in Paris. | The first part of its 2007 report will be formally released on Friday morning in Paris. |
| Strong language | Strong language |
| Some of the language which the agency has agreed it will use to assess humanity's influence on climatic change this time is stronger than it has used previously. | Some of the language which the agency has agreed it will use to assess humanity's influence on climatic change this time is stronger than it has used previously. |
| In 2001, it was "likely" that human activities lay behind the trends observed at various parts of the planet; "likely" in IPCC terminology means "between 66% and 90%". | In 2001, it was "likely" that human activities lay behind the trends observed at various parts of the planet; "likely" in IPCC terminology means "between 66% and 90%". |
| Now, the agency concludes, it is at least 90% certain that human emissions of greenhouse gases rather than natural variations are warming the planet's surface. | Now, the agency concludes, it is at least 90% certain that human emissions of greenhouse gases rather than natural variations are warming the planet's surface. |
| Scientists are unsure how much weight to give melting glaciers"This report closes the doors to those who were able to detract from the issue, and puts an end to the notion of uncertainty and doubt about man's role in climate change," commented United Nations Environment Programme executive director Achim Steiner. | Scientists are unsure how much weight to give melting glaciers"This report closes the doors to those who were able to detract from the issue, and puts an end to the notion of uncertainty and doubt about man's role in climate change," commented United Nations Environment Programme executive director Achim Steiner. |
| On key scientific questions - how much the Earth's surface will warm by, and how high sea levels will rise - the experts are still locked in discussion. | On key scientific questions - how much the Earth's surface will warm by, and how high sea levels will rise - the experts are still locked in discussion. |
| It is widely believed they will predict an average global temperature rise by the end of the century of between about 2C and 4.5C, without ruling out higher numbers completely. | It is widely believed they will predict an average global temperature rise by the end of the century of between about 2C and 4.5C, without ruling out higher numbers completely. |
| On sea level, there is a more fundamental debate. Computer models of climate do not generally include water coming into the oceans as icecaps melt; so should the IPCC exclude this from its calculations, or estimate the effect of a process which scientists do not understand well, but which could have a big impact? | On sea level, there is a more fundamental debate. Computer models of climate do not generally include water coming into the oceans as icecaps melt; so should the IPCC exclude this from its calculations, or estimate the effect of a process which scientists do not understand well, but which could have a big impact? |
| There is likely to be some backing to a theory which has proved highly controversial in recent years, with the IPCC set to conclude that it is likely - meaning a greater probability than 66% - that rising temperatures have contributed to more powerful tropical storms in some areas of the world. | There is likely to be some backing to a theory which has proved highly controversial in recent years, with the IPCC set to conclude that it is likely - meaning a greater probability than 66% - that rising temperatures have contributed to more powerful tropical storms in some areas of the world. |
| At variance | At variance |
| As discussions entered their final phase, the journal Science published a study comparing the IPCC's 2001 projections on temperature and sea level change with what has actually happened. | |
| IPCC models start from the year 1990, so that gives 16 years of data to compare. | IPCC models start from the year 1990, so that gives 16 years of data to compare. |
| The models had forecast a temperature rise between about 0.15C and 0.35C over this period. The actual rise of 0.33C is very close to the top of the IPCC's range. | The models had forecast a temperature rise between about 0.15C and 0.35C over this period. The actual rise of 0.33C is very close to the top of the IPCC's range. |
| A new study suggest warming is outpacing earlier forecastsA more dramatic picture emerges from the sea level comparison. | A new study suggest warming is outpacing earlier forecastsA more dramatic picture emerges from the sea level comparison. |
| The actual average level, measured by tide gauges and satellites, has risen faster than the IPCC predicted it would due to simple thermal expansion of seawater, and at the maximum which the scientific body considered possible if its estimates for the melting of land-based glaciers and ice sheets was included. | The actual average level, measured by tide gauges and satellites, has risen faster than the IPCC predicted it would due to simple thermal expansion of seawater, and at the maximum which the scientific body considered possible if its estimates for the melting of land-based glaciers and ice sheets was included. |
| "Our intention with this study was to demonstrate how temperatures and sea levels have actually gone up," said study leader Stefan Rahmstorf from the Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research in Germany, "because 'climate sceptics' have cast doubt on IPCC projections and whether they are exaggerated." | "Our intention with this study was to demonstrate how temperatures and sea levels have actually gone up," said study leader Stefan Rahmstorf from the Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research in Germany, "because 'climate sceptics' have cast doubt on IPCC projections and whether they are exaggerated." |
| The group suggests that if anything, the IPCC has been conservative. | The group suggests that if anything, the IPCC has been conservative. |
| The most obvious cause of the discrepancy - a faster-than expected rise in carbon dioxide concentrations - is ruled out, as the observed CO2 rise has mimicked model projections fairly well. | The most obvious cause of the discrepancy - a faster-than expected rise in carbon dioxide concentrations - is ruled out, as the observed CO2 rise has mimicked model projections fairly well. |
| Another explanation could be that the effect on temperature of increasing carbon dioxide levels in the atmosphere - the factor called "climate sensitivity" - is higher than scientists had believed when they built their computer models. | Another explanation could be that the effect on temperature of increasing carbon dioxide levels in the atmosphere - the factor called "climate sensitivity" - is higher than scientists had believed when they built their computer models. |
| Alternatively it could be natural climate variability. | Alternatively it could be natural climate variability. |
| "We cannot conclude the exact cause," commented Professor Rahmstorf, "but there is no doubt that for this period, the climate has been changing faster than the IPCC predicted." | "We cannot conclude the exact cause," commented Professor Rahmstorf, "but there is no doubt that for this period, the climate has been changing faster than the IPCC predicted." |
| Together with his co-researchers on this project, Professor Rahmstorf is in Paris for the IPCC discussions, which will on Friday morning end with the release of summary conclusions on the current state of climate science, drawing on the work of thousands of researchers. | Together with his co-researchers on this project, Professor Rahmstorf is in Paris for the IPCC discussions, which will on Friday morning end with the release of summary conclusions on the current state of climate science, drawing on the work of thousands of researchers. |
| The full climate science report will be released later in the year, as will other IPCC chapters looking at the probable impacts of climate change, options for adapting to those impacts, and possible routes to reducing emissions of greenhouse gases. | The full climate science report will be released later in the year, as will other IPCC chapters looking at the probable impacts of climate change, options for adapting to those impacts, and possible routes to reducing emissions of greenhouse gases. |
| Richard.Black-INTERNET@bbc.co.uk | Richard.Black-INTERNET@bbc.co.uk |