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| Over a Million Protest Macron’s Pension Plan in the Streets of France | Over a Million Protest Macron’s Pension Plan in the Streets of France |
| (about 11 hours later) | |
| PARIS — More than a million protesters, chanting slogans like “retirement before arthritis,” took to the streets throughout France on Thursday to protest President Emmanuel Macron’s plan to raise the legal age of retirement to 64 from 62. | |
| Striking workers, from Calais in the north to Marseille in the south, closed schools, stopped many trains, disrupted the Paris Metro, lowered electricity output and curtailed flights, as France once again roused itself to resist tampering with its protective social model. | Striking workers, from Calais in the north to Marseille in the south, closed schools, stopped many trains, disrupted the Paris Metro, lowered electricity output and curtailed flights, as France once again roused itself to resist tampering with its protective social model. |
| Mr. Macron, who is in the first year of his second and last term, wants to push through an overhaul of what he views as an untenable pension system. He sees this as a core part of his legacy. But in a country where work is viewed by many as a burden rather than an opportunity, and retirement as the panacea beyond it, his determination has ignited fierce resistance. | Mr. Macron, who is in the first year of his second and last term, wants to push through an overhaul of what he views as an untenable pension system. He sees this as a core part of his legacy. But in a country where work is viewed by many as a burden rather than an opportunity, and retirement as the panacea beyond it, his determination has ignited fierce resistance. |
| Labor unions, from the extreme left to the moderate center, united behind the protests, as did often splintered left-of-center political parties. Marine Le Pen, the leader of the extreme-right National Rally party that has attracted growing support among the working class, also called for “an unjust reform” to be blocked. | Labor unions, from the extreme left to the moderate center, united behind the protests, as did often splintered left-of-center political parties. Marine Le Pen, the leader of the extreme-right National Rally party that has attracted growing support among the working class, also called for “an unjust reform” to be blocked. |
| In Paris, where the strikers’ march stretched over two-and-a-half miles, Corinne Arramy, a hospital worker, wore a sticker saying “We live longer and that’s for the best, not a reason to die at work.” Ms. Arramy, 56, said “This is the start of something big,” a fight to preserve a hard-earned right. | In Paris, where the strikers’ march stretched over two-and-a-half miles, Corinne Arramy, a hospital worker, wore a sticker saying “We live longer and that’s for the best, not a reason to die at work.” Ms. Arramy, 56, said “This is the start of something big,” a fight to preserve a hard-earned right. |
| Teachers, railway workers and employees at public radio stations joined more than a million protesters at more than 200 demonstrations across the country, according to the Interior Ministry. The CGT labor union put the number at over two million. On Thursday evening, the labor unions welcomed the day’s “powerful mobilization” and called for a new day of strikes and protests on Jan. 31. | Teachers, railway workers and employees at public radio stations joined more than a million protesters at more than 200 demonstrations across the country, according to the Interior Ministry. The CGT labor union put the number at over two million. On Thursday evening, the labor unions welcomed the day’s “powerful mobilization” and called for a new day of strikes and protests on Jan. 31. |
| Chants of “Metro, Work, Tomb” rose from the crowds in derisory dismissal of what is widely portrayed as a government attempt to squeeze the last of pleasure from life in a hypercompetitive world. | Chants of “Metro, Work, Tomb” rose from the crowds in derisory dismissal of what is widely portrayed as a government attempt to squeeze the last of pleasure from life in a hypercompetitive world. |
| A long confrontation, involving further strikes, seems inevitable. For the French left, which has failed to reach even the runoff round of the last two presidential elections, defeating pension changes amounts to a critical test of its heft and ultimately of its eventual capacity to return to power. | A long confrontation, involving further strikes, seems inevitable. For the French left, which has failed to reach even the runoff round of the last two presidential elections, defeating pension changes amounts to a critical test of its heft and ultimately of its eventual capacity to return to power. |
| For Mr. Macron, a centrist who tried and failed with a different pension overhaul in 2019 that also provoked massive protests, it is the crux of his attempt to give direction to a second term that has up to now seemed a time of drift. He has vowed, since his election campaign last year, to see the changes through. | For Mr. Macron, a centrist who tried and failed with a different pension overhaul in 2019 that also provoked massive protests, it is the crux of his attempt to give direction to a second term that has up to now seemed a time of drift. He has vowed, since his election campaign last year, to see the changes through. |
| The government believes the only way to balance the pension system is to make the French work longer. Workers and employers pay mandatory payroll taxes that are used to fund state pensions, but the ratio of workers to retirees has dropped sharply as life expectancy has increased. In 2000, there were 2.1 workers paying into the system for every one retiree, a number that fell to 1.7 in 2020. | The government believes the only way to balance the pension system is to make the French work longer. Workers and employers pay mandatory payroll taxes that are used to fund state pensions, but the ratio of workers to retirees has dropped sharply as life expectancy has increased. In 2000, there were 2.1 workers paying into the system for every one retiree, a number that fell to 1.7 in 2020. |
| “If you want the pact between generations to be just, this reform is essential, and so we will do it with respect, a spirit of dialogue, but also determination and responsibility,” Mr. Macron said during a visit on Thursday to Barcelona. | “If you want the pact between generations to be just, this reform is essential, and so we will do it with respect, a spirit of dialogue, but also determination and responsibility,” Mr. Macron said during a visit on Thursday to Barcelona. |
| However, the government’s arithmetic is fiercely contested by labor leaders who argue that taxing the country’s millionaires and their dividends would be a more effective way to fund the current pension system. “Pensions are something sacred in France,” said Matthieu Jilard, 26, a student who joined the Paris protest. | However, the government’s arithmetic is fiercely contested by labor leaders who argue that taxing the country’s millionaires and their dividends would be a more effective way to fund the current pension system. “Pensions are something sacred in France,” said Matthieu Jilard, 26, a student who joined the Paris protest. |
| Rising inflation has contributed to a restive mood in France, but at a deeper level the overhaul attempt reveals ingrained attitudes toward work, equated with drudgery, and retirement, equated with the freedom at last to enjoy life. | Rising inflation has contributed to a restive mood in France, but at a deeper level the overhaul attempt reveals ingrained attitudes toward work, equated with drudgery, and retirement, equated with the freedom at last to enjoy life. |
| A recent survey by the IFOP polling and marketing company found that only 24 percent of French people considered work “very important,” compared with 60 percent in 1990. The feeling of being unrecognized or taken for granted in the workplace appears widespread. | A recent survey by the IFOP polling and marketing company found that only 24 percent of French people considered work “very important,” compared with 60 percent in 1990. The feeling of being unrecognized or taken for granted in the workplace appears widespread. |
| France is something of an outlier on pensions among European countries, many of which have already pushed back retirement for the very reasons Mr. Macron has outlined. In Germany, the legal age of retirement is 65 and is being gradually increased to 67. Spain is also working toward retirement at 67. | France is something of an outlier on pensions among European countries, many of which have already pushed back retirement for the very reasons Mr. Macron has outlined. In Germany, the legal age of retirement is 65 and is being gradually increased to 67. Spain is also working toward retirement at 67. |
| But some countries allow workers to retire before the legal age, provided they have paid into the system long enough. Italy, for instance, has also set 67 as the legal age of retirement, but many leave their jobs earlier. | But some countries allow workers to retire before the legal age, provided they have paid into the system long enough. Italy, for instance, has also set 67 as the legal age of retirement, but many leave their jobs earlier. |
| Still, in France workers generally leave the labor market two to three years earlier than in other major European economies, according to an official advisory body called the Pensions Advisory Council. | Still, in France workers generally leave the labor market two to three years earlier than in other major European economies, according to an official advisory body called the Pensions Advisory Council. |
| The overhaul would raise the legal age of retirement in annual three-month increments, starting this fall, to reach 64 by 2030, three years after Mr. Macron, who is subject to term limits, leaves office. Parliament will begin discussing the bill next month, and Mr. Macron hopes it will become law by the summer. | The overhaul would raise the legal age of retirement in annual three-month increments, starting this fall, to reach 64 by 2030, three years after Mr. Macron, who is subject to term limits, leaves office. Parliament will begin discussing the bill next month, and Mr. Macron hopes it will become law by the summer. |
| That target, however, appears ambitious. “If there is no positive response from the government, today is a first step, and there will be a second step,” Philippe Martinez, the head of the CGT, told reporters before the march in Paris. | That target, however, appears ambitious. “If there is no positive response from the government, today is a first step, and there will be a second step,” Philippe Martinez, the head of the CGT, told reporters before the march in Paris. |
| Police officers in riot gear deployed in large numbers, and many stores in Paris boarded up their windows. But violence appeared limited. | Police officers in riot gear deployed in large numbers, and many stores in Paris boarded up their windows. But violence appeared limited. |
| In Paris, near the Place de la Bastille, Thomas Ouvriard, 20, a political science university student, and Ignacio Franzone, 23, a worker at the French post office, hoisted a large poster of Mr. Macron dressed as King Louis XIV looking out with an unflinching stare. “Macron the scornful,” it said. | In Paris, near the Place de la Bastille, Thomas Ouvriard, 20, a political science university student, and Ignacio Franzone, 23, a worker at the French post office, hoisted a large poster of Mr. Macron dressed as King Louis XIV looking out with an unflinching stare. “Macron the scornful,” it said. |
| “Of course in France, we have cut off the heads of kings in our past history,” Mr. Franzone said. “We’re not there yet with Macron, but we’re here to win this fight.” | “Of course in France, we have cut off the heads of kings in our past history,” Mr. Franzone said. “We’re not there yet with Macron, but we’re here to win this fight.” |
| The perception of Mr. Macron as arrogant and remote, established during his first term, has proved hard to overcome. His zigzagging between right and left, while politically effective in the emasculation of the Socialist Party and the Republicans, long the two main political forces of postwar France, has also alienated some people. | The perception of Mr. Macron as arrogant and remote, established during his first term, has proved hard to overcome. His zigzagging between right and left, while politically effective in the emasculation of the Socialist Party and the Republicans, long the two main political forces of postwar France, has also alienated some people. |
| France instituted a retirement age of 60 in 1981, only to retreat, and a 35-hour week in 1997. The degree of social protection is a source of great pride in a country long resistant to the more cutthroat capitalism of what it calls “Anglo-Saxon” economies. It is a measure of the distance between protesters and the government that some labor unions and Mr. Le Pen have called for bringing the retirement age forward to 60 from 62. | France instituted a retirement age of 60 in 1981, only to retreat, and a 35-hour week in 1997. The degree of social protection is a source of great pride in a country long resistant to the more cutthroat capitalism of what it calls “Anglo-Saxon” economies. It is a measure of the distance between protesters and the government that some labor unions and Mr. Le Pen have called for bringing the retirement age forward to 60 from 62. |
| Alluding to the prime minister, Élisabeth Borne, the far-left leader Jean-Luc Mélenchon declared after she had presented the pension plan: “With a stroke of the pen, Ms. Borne and Mr. Macron are repealing 40 to 50 years of social progress.” | Alluding to the prime minister, Élisabeth Borne, the far-left leader Jean-Luc Mélenchon declared after she had presented the pension plan: “With a stroke of the pen, Ms. Borne and Mr. Macron are repealing 40 to 50 years of social progress.” |
| Guy Groux, a labor specialist at Sciences Po’s Centre for Political Research, said the protests on Thursday were a boost for unions, but he cautioned that it was still unclear how long they could keep up the pressure on Mr. Macron. | Guy Groux, a labor specialist at Sciences Po’s Centre for Political Research, said the protests on Thursday were a boost for unions, but he cautioned that it was still unclear how long they could keep up the pressure on Mr. Macron. |
| “The first success is that they are all united, which is rare in France,” Mr. Groux said. “What’s at stake for the unions now is to make the movement last.” | “The first success is that they are all united, which is rare in France,” Mr. Groux said. “What’s at stake for the unions now is to make the movement last.” |
| Unions could continue disruptive transportation and fuel strikes, but it remains to be seen whom the French would ultimately blame, Mr. Groux added. | Unions could continue disruptive transportation and fuel strikes, but it remains to be seen whom the French would ultimately blame, Mr. Groux added. |
| “Between the unions and Macron, the real referee will be public opinion,” he said. | “Between the unions and Macron, the real referee will be public opinion,” he said. |
| Constant Méheut, Liz Alderman and Tom Nouvian contributed reporting. | Constant Méheut, Liz Alderman and Tom Nouvian contributed reporting. |