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Russia sanctions: What impact have they had on its oil and gas exports? Russia sanctions: What impact have they had on its oil and gas exports?
(2 days later)
Since Russia's invasion of Ukraine, many countries have pledged to end or restrict their oil and gas imports to curtail Moscow's revenues and hinder its war effort.Since Russia's invasion of Ukraine, many countries have pledged to end or restrict their oil and gas imports to curtail Moscow's revenues and hinder its war effort.
The Russian economy is highly dependent on its energy sector, and Europe is a major importer of Russian energy, making cutting back difficult.The Russian economy is highly dependent on its energy sector, and Europe is a major importer of Russian energy, making cutting back difficult.
What sanctions are in place?What sanctions are in place?
EU nations have ended imports of Russian oil brought in by sea, and a ban on refined oil products will come in from 5 February.EU nations have ended imports of Russian oil brought in by sea, and a ban on refined oil products will come in from 5 February.
The United States announced in March 2022 that it was stopping the import of Russian oil, and the UK said it was banning the import of Russian crude oil and refined products with effect from 5 December. The United States said last March it would stop importing Russian oil, and the UK said it was banning Russian crude oil and refined products with effect from 5 December.
Europe had become increasingly dependent on supplies of Russian gas European countries have sought to reduce their dependence on Russian gas
An oil price cap approved by Western allies in December also aims to prevent Russia getting more than $60 (£48) for a barrel of crude oil, although the market price recently has been below that level. An oil price cap approved by Western allies in December also aims to prevent Russia getting more than $60 (£48) for a barrel of crude oil.
Russia's gas sector has also been targeted. The EU said in March it would cut gas imports from Russia by two-thirds within a year. The UK only imported small quantities of Russian gas and it has now ended this altogether. Russia's gas sector has also been targeted. The EU said in March it would cut gas imports from Russia by two-thirds within a year. The UK, which only imported small quantities of Russian gas, it has now ended this altogether.
Have the sanctions been effective?Have the sanctions been effective?
Since the EU banned imports of Russian oil by sea at the start of December, the price has dropped significantly. Urals oil is currently being exported from Russia's north western sea port of Primorsk for around $40 per barrel, from where it has largely gone to European destinations.
The ban was implemented at the same time as the price cap on Russian oil agreed by the world's major economies. The value of Russian oil from other ports and pipelines varies, but the Urals price has fallen across the board since the EU banned imports of Russian oil by sea.
US officials have pointed to the cap as having its intended impact by driving down Russian oil revenues. The price cap on Russian oil was agreed by the world's major economies at the same time. But energy analyst Ben McWilliams believes it is the EU oil embargo impacting the price, rather than the price cap.
But energy analyst Ben McWilliams believes it is the EU oil embargo that is impacting the price, rather than the price cap. "Russian oil is being traded at around $50 (£40) per barrel. That has been driven by the embargo because Russia now has to try to sell elsewhere."
"Russian oil is being traded at around $50 (£40) per barrel... That has been driven by the embargo because Russia now has to try to sell elsewhere." Moscow is losing out on about $175m (£140m) a day from fossil fuel exports due to these measures, according to a study by the Centre for Research on Energy and Clean Air (CREA).
Moscow is losing out on about $175m (£140m) a day from fossil fuel exports due to the measures, according to a study by the Centre for Research on Energy and Clean Air (CREA).
On top of oil sanctions, various measures have been adopted by Western nations in an attempt to make trade with Russia more difficult.
India is taking advantage of cheaper oil imported from RussiaIndia is taking advantage of cheaper oil imported from Russia
Major Russian banks have been removed from the international financial messaging system Swift, which has made payments to Russia for its oil and gas exports harder. Major Russian banks have also been removed from the international financial messaging system Swift.
Those countries continuing to trade with Russia have sought ways around this. Both China and India are increasingly making their oil and gas purchases in their local currencies. Countries continuing to trade with Russia have sought ways around this. Both China and India are increasingly making their oil and gas purchases in their local currencies.
Who is buying Russian oil?Who is buying Russian oil?
India, China and Turkey all ramped up their purchases of Russian oil last year - and together they now make up 70% of total Russian crude flows by sea. India, China and Turkey all ramped up their purchases of Russian oil last year - and together they now make up 70% of all Russian crude flows by sea.
This pivot to new markets has been driven by Russia offering its oil at a significantly lower price than the global benchmark Brent crude. And Russia was offering its oil at a significantly lower price than the global benchmark Brent crude.
At the start of 2022, Russia supplied less than 2% of India's oil imports. But it is now on course to become India's largest single supplier. At the start of 2022, Russia supplied less than 2% of India's oil imports, but it is now on course to become its largest single supplier.
China's imports of Russian oil have also risen sharply in recent months, up more than 20% in the year to September 2022. China's imports of Russian oil have fluctuated, but have also risen over the past year.
In 2021, more than half of all Russia's crude oil exports went to countries in Europe. But in 2022, UK imports of oil from Russia fell sharply and other European countries have cut back too.In 2021, more than half of all Russia's crude oil exports went to countries in Europe. But in 2022, UK imports of oil from Russia fell sharply and other European countries have cut back too.
Some, however, have remained heavily reliant, according to data from the International Energy Agency. In October last year, the Slovak Republic obtained more than 75% and Hungary over 60% of their oil from Russia. But some have remained heavily reliant, such as the Slovak Republic and Hungary.
European countries have been looking to see if they can source supplies elsewhere.European countries have been looking to see if they can source supplies elsewhere.
The International Energy Agency (IEA) club of oil importing countries agreed to release 120m barrels of crude from their stocks in 2022. The US also released some of its strategic reserves last year.The International Energy Agency (IEA) club of oil importing countries agreed to release 120m barrels of crude from their stocks in 2022. The US also released some of its strategic reserves last year.
But calls for oil-rich nations such as Saudi Arabia, the United Arab Emirates (UAE) and Venezuela to increase production in the wake of the Ukraine war have not been successful. But calls for oil-rich nations such as Saudi Arabia, the United Arab Emirates (UAE) and Venezuela to increase production have not been successful.
Opec and other major oil producers cut production in late 2022 to sustain prices.Opec and other major oil producers cut production in late 2022 to sustain prices.
Europe still relies on Russian gasEurope still relies on Russian gas
Reducing gas imports from Russia has been a major challenge for many European countries. Reducing gas imports from Russia has been a major challenge for many European countries, as the continent has been getting most of its gas through pipelines linked to Russia.
The continent has been getting most of its gas through pipelines, the majority of which run through Russia. In 2021, Russia was supplying EU countries with 40% of their natural gas, with Germany the largest importer, followed by Italy and the Netherlands. That had dropped to around 17% by August 2022, according to EU figures.
Those that don't, such as a pipeline which runs from Azerbaijan and into Turkey, haven't got enough capacity to fulfil Europe's needs. In 2021, the UK got just 4% of its gas supply from Russian. It now imports none.
In 2021, Russia was supplying EU countries with 40% of their natural gas, with Germany the largest importer, followed by Italy and the Netherlands. That had dropped to around 17% by August 2022,according to EU figures.
The UK has not been a major buyer of Russian gas - in 2021, just 4% of its supply came from there. It now imports none.
EU states are increasingly looking to ship in liquefied natural gas (LNG) in tankers from producers such as the US and Qatar.EU states are increasingly looking to ship in liquefied natural gas (LNG) in tankers from producers such as the US and Qatar.
The shift towards LNG imports by European countries has been very significant, replacing supplies from Russia which had dominated European purchases over the past few years. The shift towards LNG imports by European countries has been very significant, replacing supplies from Russia.
However, "there aren't enough LNG terminals in Europe", says energy advisor Kate Dourian. "This will be a problem for Germany, particularly."However, "there aren't enough LNG terminals in Europe", says energy advisor Kate Dourian. "This will be a problem for Germany, particularly."
There are several new LNG terminals planned and some already under construction across Europe as countries try to boost their capacity.There are several new LNG terminals planned and some already under construction across Europe as countries try to boost their capacity.
Clarification 21 October: A previous version of this story contained a graphic with the title: 'The UK has much less gas storage than some other European countries'. The aim was to show how much gas the UK had in storage at that time. It was not intended to show the UK's total capacity for gas storage.Clarification 21 October: A previous version of this story contained a graphic with the title: 'The UK has much less gas storage than some other European countries'. The aim was to show how much gas the UK had in storage at that time. It was not intended to show the UK's total capacity for gas storage.
How can the world cope without Russian oil and gas?How can the world cope without Russian oil and gas?
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