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| Why Japan’s Jobless Rate Is Just 2.6% While the U.S.’s Has Soared | Why Japan’s Jobless Rate Is Just 2.6% While the U.S.’s Has Soared |
| (7 days later) | |
| TOKYO — When the coronavirus hit Japan, Mari Nagata, a single mother who works in a restaurant, had a lot of worries. Her children’s school closed, and she feared what would happen to them if she got sick. | TOKYO — When the coronavirus hit Japan, Mari Nagata, a single mother who works in a restaurant, had a lot of worries. Her children’s school closed, and she feared what would happen to them if she got sick. |
| But there was one thing that Ms. Nagata, unlike millions of service industry workers in the United States, did not fret about: her job security. | But there was one thing that Ms. Nagata, unlike millions of service industry workers in the United States, did not fret about: her job security. |
| “I was able to relax and take time off” to focus on child care, said Ms. Nagata, 38, an assistant manager at a takeout restaurant in Tokyo. | “I was able to relax and take time off” to focus on child care, said Ms. Nagata, 38, an assistant manager at a takeout restaurant in Tokyo. |
| The pandemic has devastated economies around the globe, shutting businesses and slowing spending. However, the fallout has been much more severe in some countries than others, and nowhere is that more apparent than in unemployment figures in the United States and Japan. | The pandemic has devastated economies around the globe, shutting businesses and slowing spending. However, the fallout has been much more severe in some countries than others, and nowhere is that more apparent than in unemployment figures in the United States and Japan. |
| The U.S. jobless rate skyrocketed in the past three months, peaking at nearly 15 percent in April and standing at 13.3 percent in May. That is the highest level since the Great Depression and a nearly fourfold increase since February, when the rate was 3.5 percent. | The U.S. jobless rate skyrocketed in the past three months, peaking at nearly 15 percent in April and standing at 13.3 percent in May. That is the highest level since the Great Depression and a nearly fourfold increase since February, when the rate was 3.5 percent. |
| In Japan, though, the number has barely budged. The unemployment rate has ticked up just two-tenths of a percentage point since February, to 2.6 percent. Wages and working hours have also remained relatively stable. | In Japan, though, the number has barely budged. The unemployment rate has ticked up just two-tenths of a percentage point since February, to 2.6 percent. Wages and working hours have also remained relatively stable. |
| That does not mean Japan’s economy — the world’s third largest after the United States and China — has been unscathed. Output shrank by 2.2 percent in the first three months of the year, pushing the country into recession. And data from April suggests that the picture is growing only bleaker. | That does not mean Japan’s economy — the world’s third largest after the United States and China — has been unscathed. Output shrank by 2.2 percent in the first three months of the year, pushing the country into recession. And data from April suggests that the picture is growing only bleaker. |
| But a constellation of social, demographic and epidemiological factors in Japan has meant that the economic slowdown has not produced mass layoffs. | But a constellation of social, demographic and epidemiological factors in Japan has meant that the economic slowdown has not produced mass layoffs. |
| Before the pandemic, Japan’s shrinking and graying population had created one of the planet’s tightest labor markets. Even now, some companies are having difficulty finding workers, with more than 120 job openings for every 100 job seekers nationwide in April. | Before the pandemic, Japan’s shrinking and graying population had created one of the planet’s tightest labor markets. Even now, some companies are having difficulty finding workers, with more than 120 job openings for every 100 job seekers nationwide in April. |
| And Japan, unlike the United States or China, has avoided a devastating spike in coronavirus cases, allowing it to keep more of its economy open. It asked businesses to close on a voluntary basis during a state of emergency that lasted a month and a half and ended in May. | And Japan, unlike the United States or China, has avoided a devastating spike in coronavirus cases, allowing it to keep more of its economy open. It asked businesses to close on a voluntary basis during a state of emergency that lasted a month and a half and ended in May. |
| But those differences account for only part of the gap. The rest comes down to a fundamental divergence in attitudes and policies toward labor. | But those differences account for only part of the gap. The rest comes down to a fundamental divergence in attitudes and policies toward labor. |
| In the United States, “when the economy gets bad, people get laid off one after the other, and the unemployment rate shoots up,” said Tomohisa Ishikawa, director of the Macro Economic Research Center at the Japan Research Institute. But for Japanese employers, “laying people off is difficult both psychologically and practically.” | In the United States, “when the economy gets bad, people get laid off one after the other, and the unemployment rate shoots up,” said Tomohisa Ishikawa, director of the Macro Economic Research Center at the Japan Research Institute. But for Japanese employers, “laying people off is difficult both psychologically and practically.” |
| Companies in Japan are more likely than their American counterparts to prioritize employees’ interests over those of shareholders, focusing on the sustainability of their business rather than maximizing growth, said Naohiko Baba, chief Japan economist at Goldman Sachs. | Companies in Japan are more likely than their American counterparts to prioritize employees’ interests over those of shareholders, focusing on the sustainability of their business rather than maximizing growth, said Naohiko Baba, chief Japan economist at Goldman Sachs. |
| “During good times, companies accumulate profits on their balance sheets by restricting rises in worker’s salaries,” Mr. Baba said. “During bad times, companies refrain from firing redundant workers by using retained earnings accumulated during good times, so that people can have secure jobs.” | “During good times, companies accumulate profits on their balance sheets by restricting rises in worker’s salaries,” Mr. Baba said. “During bad times, companies refrain from firing redundant workers by using retained earnings accumulated during good times, so that people can have secure jobs.” |
| There are also strong social expectations that Japanese companies will retain workers. Japan’s businesses are often tough on their employees, asking them to put in some of the longest hours in the world, but companies are expected to provide job security in return — in many cases, for life. | There are also strong social expectations that Japanese companies will retain workers. Japan’s businesses are often tough on their employees, asking them to put in some of the longest hours in the world, but companies are expected to provide job security in return — in many cases, for life. |
| Violating that social contract can have severe reputational costs. In March, social media in Japan exploded with outrage after reports that employers had rescinded contract offers to 21 new graduates because of the pandemic. | Violating that social contract can have severe reputational costs. In March, social media in Japan exploded with outrage after reports that employers had rescinded contract offers to 21 new graduates because of the pandemic. |
| Pro-labor attitudes have been reinforced by strong legal precedents built up since the end of World War II that prevent companies from laying off employees unless they can demonstrate they have no other choice. | Pro-labor attitudes have been reinforced by strong legal precedents built up since the end of World War II that prevent companies from laying off employees unless they can demonstrate they have no other choice. |
| During the coronavirus pandemic, the mix of protections has been a boon to many workers. | During the coronavirus pandemic, the mix of protections has been a boon to many workers. |
| In March, Ms. Nagata’s employer, Soup Stock Tokyo, committed to keeping all of its workers in jobs and fully paid. | In March, Ms. Nagata’s employer, Soup Stock Tokyo, committed to keeping all of its workers in jobs and fully paid. |
| The following month, when the Japanese government asked individuals to stay home and businesses to shorten their hours, the company put Ms. Nagata and her nearly 1,600 co-workers on furlough. They joined the nearly 4.2 million Japanese workers who have been furloughed during the crisis. | The following month, when the Japanese government asked individuals to stay home and businesses to shorten their hours, the company put Ms. Nagata and her nearly 1,600 co-workers on furlough. They joined the nearly 4.2 million Japanese workers who have been furloughed during the crisis. |
| Japanese law requires businesses to pay furloughed employees 60 percent of their wages. Soup Stock Tokyo made up the difference for Ms. Nagata and her co-workers by taking advantage of government subsidies and no-interest loans, part of a stimulus package aimed at softening the coronavirus’s economic damage. | Japanese law requires businesses to pay furloughed employees 60 percent of their wages. Soup Stock Tokyo made up the difference for Ms. Nagata and her co-workers by taking advantage of government subsidies and no-interest loans, part of a stimulus package aimed at softening the coronavirus’s economic damage. |
| For a little over a month, Ms. Nagata largely stayed home, participating in daily half-hour virtual meetings aimed at preparing for a return to business. She used the time to care for her two children, who were home from school. | For a little over a month, Ms. Nagata largely stayed home, participating in daily half-hour virtual meetings aimed at preparing for a return to business. She used the time to care for her two children, who were home from school. |
| The company used the time to shift its business toward a delivery model and develop new products, like packaged soups and curries, aimed at a post-coronavirus world in which customers may eat out less. | The company used the time to shift its business toward a delivery model and develop new products, like packaged soups and curries, aimed at a post-coronavirus world in which customers may eat out less. |
| Updated June 30, 2020 | |
| Common symptoms include fever, a dry cough, fatigue and difficulty breathing or shortness of breath. Some of these symptoms overlap with those of the flu, making detection difficult, but runny noses and stuffy sinuses are less common. The C.D.C. has also added chills, muscle pain, sore throat, headache and a new loss of the sense of taste or smell as symptoms to look out for. Most people fall ill five to seven days after exposure, but symptoms may appear in as few as two days or as many as 14 days. | |
| Scientists around the country have tried to identify everyday materials that do a good job of filtering microscopic particles. In recent tests, HEPA furnace filters scored high, as did vacuum cleaner bags, fabric similar to flannel pajamas and those of 600-count pillowcases. Other materials tested included layered coffee filters and scarves and bandannas. These scored lower, but still captured a small percentage of particles. | Scientists around the country have tried to identify everyday materials that do a good job of filtering microscopic particles. In recent tests, HEPA furnace filters scored high, as did vacuum cleaner bags, fabric similar to flannel pajamas and those of 600-count pillowcases. Other materials tested included layered coffee filters and scarves and bandannas. These scored lower, but still captured a small percentage of particles. |
| A commentary published this month on the website of the British Journal of Sports Medicine points out that covering your face during exercise “comes with issues of potential breathing restriction and discomfort” and requires “balancing benefits versus possible adverse events.” Masks do alter exercise, says Cedric X. Bryant, the president and chief science officer of the American Council on Exercise, a nonprofit organization that funds exercise research and certifies fitness professionals. “In my personal experience,” he says, “heart rates are higher at the same relative intensity when you wear a mask.” Some people also could experience lightheadedness during familiar workouts while masked, says Len Kravitz, a professor of exercise science at the University of New Mexico. | A commentary published this month on the website of the British Journal of Sports Medicine points out that covering your face during exercise “comes with issues of potential breathing restriction and discomfort” and requires “balancing benefits versus possible adverse events.” Masks do alter exercise, says Cedric X. Bryant, the president and chief science officer of the American Council on Exercise, a nonprofit organization that funds exercise research and certifies fitness professionals. “In my personal experience,” he says, “heart rates are higher at the same relative intensity when you wear a mask.” Some people also could experience lightheadedness during familiar workouts while masked, says Len Kravitz, a professor of exercise science at the University of New Mexico. |
| The steroid, dexamethasone, is the first treatment shown to reduce mortality in severely ill patients, according to scientists in Britain. The drug appears to reduce inflammation caused by the immune system, protecting the tissues. In the study, dexamethasone reduced deaths of patients on ventilators by one-third, and deaths of patients on oxygen by one-fifth. | The steroid, dexamethasone, is the first treatment shown to reduce mortality in severely ill patients, according to scientists in Britain. The drug appears to reduce inflammation caused by the immune system, protecting the tissues. In the study, dexamethasone reduced deaths of patients on ventilators by one-third, and deaths of patients on oxygen by one-fifth. |
| The coronavirus emergency relief package gives many American workers paid leave if they need to take time off because of the virus. It gives qualified workers two weeks of paid sick leave if they are ill, quarantined or seeking diagnosis or preventive care for coronavirus, or if they are caring for sick family members. It gives 12 weeks of paid leave to people caring for children whose schools are closed or whose child care provider is unavailable because of the coronavirus. It is the first time the United States has had widespread federally mandated paid leave, and includes people who don’t typically get such benefits, like part-time and gig economy workers. But the measure excludes at least half of private-sector workers, including those at the country’s largest employers, and gives small employers significant leeway to deny leave. | The coronavirus emergency relief package gives many American workers paid leave if they need to take time off because of the virus. It gives qualified workers two weeks of paid sick leave if they are ill, quarantined or seeking diagnosis or preventive care for coronavirus, or if they are caring for sick family members. It gives 12 weeks of paid leave to people caring for children whose schools are closed or whose child care provider is unavailable because of the coronavirus. It is the first time the United States has had widespread federally mandated paid leave, and includes people who don’t typically get such benefits, like part-time and gig economy workers. But the measure excludes at least half of private-sector workers, including those at the country’s largest employers, and gives small employers significant leeway to deny leave. |
| So far, the evidence seems to show it does. A widely cited paper published in April suggests that people are most infectious about two days before the onset of coronavirus symptoms and estimated that 44 percent of new infections were a result of transmission from people who were not yet showing symptoms. Recently, a top expert at the World Health Organization stated that transmission of the coronavirus by people who did not have symptoms was “very rare,” but she later walked back that statement. | So far, the evidence seems to show it does. A widely cited paper published in April suggests that people are most infectious about two days before the onset of coronavirus symptoms and estimated that 44 percent of new infections were a result of transmission from people who were not yet showing symptoms. Recently, a top expert at the World Health Organization stated that transmission of the coronavirus by people who did not have symptoms was “very rare,” but she later walked back that statement. |
| Touching contaminated objects and then infecting ourselves with the germs is not typically how the virus spreads. But it can happen. A number of studies of flu, rhinovirus, coronavirus and other microbes have shown that respiratory illnesses, including the new coronavirus, can spread by touching contaminated surfaces, particularly in places like day care centers, offices and hospitals. But a long chain of events has to happen for the disease to spread that way. The best way to protect yourself from coronavirus — whether it’s surface transmission or close human contact — is still social distancing, washing your hands, not touching your face and wearing masks. | Touching contaminated objects and then infecting ourselves with the germs is not typically how the virus spreads. But it can happen. A number of studies of flu, rhinovirus, coronavirus and other microbes have shown that respiratory illnesses, including the new coronavirus, can spread by touching contaminated surfaces, particularly in places like day care centers, offices and hospitals. But a long chain of events has to happen for the disease to spread that way. The best way to protect yourself from coronavirus — whether it’s surface transmission or close human contact — is still social distancing, washing your hands, not touching your face and wearing masks. |
| A study by European scientists is the first to document a strong statistical link between genetic variations and Covid-19, the illness caused by the coronavirus. Having Type A blood was linked to a 50 percent increase in the likelihood that a patient would need to get oxygen or to go on a ventilator, according to the new study. | A study by European scientists is the first to document a strong statistical link between genetic variations and Covid-19, the illness caused by the coronavirus. Having Type A blood was linked to a 50 percent increase in the likelihood that a patient would need to get oxygen or to go on a ventilator, according to the new study. |
| The unemployment rate fell to 13.3 percent in May, the Labor Department said on June 5, an unexpected improvement in the nation’s job market as hiring rebounded faster than economists expected. Economists had forecast the unemployment rate to increase to as much as 20 percent, after it hit 14.7 percent in April, which was the highest since the government began keeping official statistics after World War II. But the unemployment rate dipped instead, with employers adding 2.5 million jobs, after more than 20 million jobs were lost in April. | The unemployment rate fell to 13.3 percent in May, the Labor Department said on June 5, an unexpected improvement in the nation’s job market as hiring rebounded faster than economists expected. Economists had forecast the unemployment rate to increase to as much as 20 percent, after it hit 14.7 percent in April, which was the highest since the government began keeping official statistics after World War II. But the unemployment rate dipped instead, with employers adding 2.5 million jobs, after more than 20 million jobs were lost in April. |
| If air travel is unavoidable, there are some steps you can take to protect yourself. Most important: Wash your hands often, and stop touching your face. If possible, choose a window seat. A study from Emory University found that during flu season, the safest place to sit on a plane is by a window, as people sitting in window seats had less contact with potentially sick people. Disinfect hard surfaces. When you get to your seat and your hands are clean, use disinfecting wipes to clean the hard surfaces at your seat like the head and arm rest, the seatbelt buckle, the remote, screen, seat back pocket and the tray table. If the seat is hard and nonporous or leather or pleather, you can wipe that down, too. (Using wipes on upholstered seats could lead to a wet seat and spreading of germs rather than killing them.) | If air travel is unavoidable, there are some steps you can take to protect yourself. Most important: Wash your hands often, and stop touching your face. If possible, choose a window seat. A study from Emory University found that during flu season, the safest place to sit on a plane is by a window, as people sitting in window seats had less contact with potentially sick people. Disinfect hard surfaces. When you get to your seat and your hands are clean, use disinfecting wipes to clean the hard surfaces at your seat like the head and arm rest, the seatbelt buckle, the remote, screen, seat back pocket and the tray table. If the seat is hard and nonporous or leather or pleather, you can wipe that down, too. (Using wipes on upholstered seats could lead to a wet seat and spreading of germs rather than killing them.) |
| If you’ve been exposed to the coronavirus or think you have, and have a fever or symptoms like a cough or difficulty breathing, call a doctor. They should give you advice on whether you should be tested, how to get tested, and how to seek medical treatment without potentially infecting or exposing others. | If you’ve been exposed to the coronavirus or think you have, and have a fever or symptoms like a cough or difficulty breathing, call a doctor. They should give you advice on whether you should be tested, how to get tested, and how to seek medical treatment without potentially infecting or exposing others. |
| In mid-May, just before the government lifted the state of emergency, Ms. Nagata returned to work. | In mid-May, just before the government lifted the state of emergency, Ms. Nagata returned to work. |
| Not everyone has been as fortunate. For Sayoko Hirano, 29, a ballet dancer in Tokyo, a furlough has meant that she has taken a large pay cut on an already modest salary. But she is quick to acknowledge that her situation could be worse. | Not everyone has been as fortunate. For Sayoko Hirano, 29, a ballet dancer in Tokyo, a furlough has meant that she has taken a large pay cut on an already modest salary. But she is quick to acknowledge that her situation could be worse. |
| “I’m getting paid for not working, so I have absolutely no complaints,” she said. “I think a lot of people have that same awareness, so no one’s saying ‘give me 100 percent compensation.’” | “I’m getting paid for not working, so I have absolutely no complaints,” she said. “I think a lot of people have that same awareness, so no one’s saying ‘give me 100 percent compensation.’” |
| While Japan’s aversion to layoffs is a godsend for workers in hard times, it also comes with a price. | While Japan’s aversion to layoffs is a godsend for workers in hard times, it also comes with a price. |
| Critics say it makes companies reluctant to take risks in hiring new employees, reducing options for the country’s young workers. It may also make it more difficult for businesses to retool their work forces to adapt to changing conditions, making them less productive and hurting their ability to compete in the global economy. | Critics say it makes companies reluctant to take risks in hiring new employees, reducing options for the country’s young workers. It may also make it more difficult for businesses to retool their work forces to adapt to changing conditions, making them less productive and hurting their ability to compete in the global economy. |
| In recent decades, companies have tried to gain some flexibility by increasing the ranks of “non-regular workers” — employees on short-term contracts who work for lower wages and have less job security. | In recent decades, companies have tried to gain some flexibility by increasing the ranks of “non-regular workers” — employees on short-term contracts who work for lower wages and have less job security. |
| In times of crisis, such workers have been let go in large numbers. During the 2008 financial crash, these workers, who currently account for about 40 percent of the work force, were the first to lose their jobs. The pattern has held during the coronavirus pandemic, with 970,000 non-regular workers losing their jobs in April, according to government data. | In times of crisis, such workers have been let go in large numbers. During the 2008 financial crash, these workers, who currently account for about 40 percent of the work force, were the first to lose their jobs. The pattern has held during the coronavirus pandemic, with 970,000 non-regular workers losing their jobs in April, according to government data. |
| Female workers have borne the brunt of the job losses. Since Prime Minister Shinzo Abe took office in 2012 and introduced an effort, known as “womenomics,” to elevate women in the labor force, Japan has achieved one of the highest female work force participation rates in the world. But more than half are irregular workers. | Female workers have borne the brunt of the job losses. Since Prime Minister Shinzo Abe took office in 2012 and introduced an effort, known as “womenomics,” to elevate women in the labor force, Japan has achieved one of the highest female work force participation rates in the world. But more than half are irregular workers. |
| “Females are always sacrificed in these situations,” said Ayako Fujita, an economic analyst at J.P. Morgan. She said she worried that the current downturn could set back recent progress made by women in the workplace. | “Females are always sacrificed in these situations,” said Ayako Fujita, an economic analyst at J.P. Morgan. She said she worried that the current downturn could set back recent progress made by women in the workplace. |
| In the months ahead, the unemployment rate is likely to rise further as Japanese companies, particularly in the service industry, cope with the pandemic’s fallout. The real test of the system will come in September, when the government wage subsidies — which are set to last far longer than similar assistance in the United States — run out. | In the months ahead, the unemployment rate is likely to rise further as Japanese companies, particularly in the service industry, cope with the pandemic’s fallout. The real test of the system will come in September, when the government wage subsidies — which are set to last far longer than similar assistance in the United States — run out. |
| Still, economists say that the country’s tight labor conditions will keep unemployment rates low — Japan has a longstanding labor deficit in some industries, like health care, where demand is expected to grow as the population ages. Even in April, in the middle of the national emergency, companies added 630,000 new regular employees. | Still, economists say that the country’s tight labor conditions will keep unemployment rates low — Japan has a longstanding labor deficit in some industries, like health care, where demand is expected to grow as the population ages. Even in April, in the middle of the national emergency, companies added 630,000 new regular employees. |
| Japan’s protection of jobs in a moment of crisis may answer critics who have pushed its companies to pursue growth more aggressively, said Mr. Baba, the Goldman Sachs economist. | Japan’s protection of jobs in a moment of crisis may answer critics who have pushed its companies to pursue growth more aggressively, said Mr. Baba, the Goldman Sachs economist. |
| “I think maybe in the next couple of years, an increasing number of people will say something like although we criticized Japan for an inflexible labor market, there are some benefits to this system,” he said. | “I think maybe in the next couple of years, an increasing number of people will say something like although we criticized Japan for an inflexible labor market, there are some benefits to this system,” he said. |