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Demonstrations Force America to Reckon With Contentious Past | |
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This briefing has ended. | |
The anger in the days after George Floyd’s killing is fueling a national movement to topple perceived symbols of racism and oppression in the United States, as protests over police brutality against African-Americans expand to include demands for a more honest accounting of American history. | |
In Portland, Ore., demonstrators protesting police killings turned their ire to Thomas Jefferson, toppling a statue of the founding father who also enslaved more than 600 people. | |
In Richmond, Va., a statue of the Italian navigator and colonizer Christopher Columbus was spray-painted, set on fire and thrown into a lake. | |
And in Albuquerque, tensions over a statue of Juan de Oñate, a 16th-century colonial governor exiled from New Mexico over cruel treatment of Native Americans, erupted in street skirmishes and a blast of gunfire before the monument was removed on Tuesday. | |
Across the country, monuments criticized as symbols of historical oppression have been defaced and brought down at warp speed in recent days. The movement, which initially set its sights on Confederate symbols and examples of racism against African-Americans, has since exploded into a broader cultural moment, forcing a reckoning over issues such as European colonization and the oppression of Native Americans. | |
“We’re at this inflection point,” said Keegan King, a member of Acoma Pueblo, which endured a massacre of 800 or more people directed by Oñate, the brutal Spanish conquistador and colonial governor. The Black Lives Matter movement, he said, had encouraged people to examine the history around them, and not all of it was merely written in books. | |
The debate over how to represent the uncomfortable parts of American history is not new, but the extent of the monument-toppling in recent days raises new questions about whether it will result in a fundamental shift in how history is taught to new generations. | |
An Air Force sergeant linked to the antigovernment “boogaloo” movement and another man were accused on Tuesday of a shooting in Oakland, Calif., last month that left a federal security officer dead and another gravely wounded outside a courthouse. The F.B.I. said they were not protesters but had used the recent demonstrations against racial injustice as a cover to attack law enforcement. | An Air Force sergeant linked to the antigovernment “boogaloo” movement and another man were accused on Tuesday of a shooting in Oakland, Calif., last month that left a federal security officer dead and another gravely wounded outside a courthouse. The F.B.I. said they were not protesters but had used the recent demonstrations against racial injustice as a cover to attack law enforcement. |
“They came to Oakland to kill cops,” John F. Bennett, the special agent in charge of the F.B.I. in San Francisco, said at a news conference on Tuesday. | “They came to Oakland to kill cops,” John F. Bennett, the special agent in charge of the F.B.I. in San Francisco, said at a news conference on Tuesday. |
Staff Sgt. Steven Carrillo, 32, was accused of firing an assault-style rifle from the open back door of a moving vehicle and gunning down Dave Patrick Underwood, 53, the federal officer killed in the attack, and gravely wounding a second officer. He was charged on Tuesday with murder and attempted murder. | |
The driver of the van, Robert Alvin Justus Jr., 30, who had met Sergeant Carrillo on Facebook, was charged with aiding and abetting the murder of Mr. Underwood and attempted murder of the second officer. | The driver of the van, Robert Alvin Justus Jr., 30, who had met Sergeant Carrillo on Facebook, was charged with aiding and abetting the murder of Mr. Underwood and attempted murder of the second officer. |
Evidence tied Sergeant Carrillo to the boogaloo movement, an extremist ideology that seeks to bring about a second civil war to overthrow the United States government. He had expressed his allegiance to the movement by writing with his own blood on the hood of a white Toyota Camry he had carjacked. | |
He was arrested June 6 after a gun battle with Santa Cruz County sheriff’s deputies that left one deputy dead. He has already been charged in that case. | He was arrested June 6 after a gun battle with Santa Cruz County sheriff’s deputies that left one deputy dead. He has already been charged in that case. |
Sergeant Carrillo is the latest person tied to the movement to be arrested in recent weeks. All of them have sought to exploit protests — first against the coronavirus lockdowns and then around the death of George Floyd — to accelerate their apocalyptic vision. | Sergeant Carrillo is the latest person tied to the movement to be arrested in recent weeks. All of them have sought to exploit protests — first against the coronavirus lockdowns and then around the death of George Floyd — to accelerate their apocalyptic vision. |
The term boogaloo, initially derived as an inside joke from the 1984 cult film “Breakin’ 2: Electric Boogaloo,” is used as shorthand on internet forums for a brewing second civil war. | |
The former Atlanta Police Department officer who fatally shot an African-American man after a confrontation outside a fast-food restaurant had been issued a written reprimand in 2016 for another use-of-force incident involving the use of a firearm, according to records released by the department. | The former Atlanta Police Department officer who fatally shot an African-American man after a confrontation outside a fast-food restaurant had been issued a written reprimand in 2016 for another use-of-force incident involving the use of a firearm, according to records released by the department. |
The disciplinary history of the former officer, Garrett Rolfe, who was fired this weekend after the shooting, does not include details of the 2016 use-of-force case, or other incidents he was involved in since being hired in 2013. | |
These include four citizen complaints, which resulted in no disciplinary action, and five vehicle accidents, which resulted in an “oral admonishment” in 2014 and a written reprimand in 2018. | These include four citizen complaints, which resulted in no disciplinary action, and five vehicle accidents, which resulted in an “oral admonishment” in 2014 and a written reprimand in 2018. |
Mr. Rolfe’s record also includes an August 2015 episode involving the discharge of a firearm, but there is no record of any disciplinary action taken in that case. | Mr. Rolfe’s record also includes an August 2015 episode involving the discharge of a firearm, but there is no record of any disciplinary action taken in that case. |
The department also released a file that showed no previous disciplinary record for Devin Brosnan, the other officer who responded to the fast-food restaurant on Friday night after an employee called 911 and complained that Rayshard Brooks, who appeared to be intoxicated and asleep, was blocking the drive-through lane. | |
Officer Brosnan, who joined the force in June 2019, has been placed on administrative duties pending the outcome of an investigation. | Officer Brosnan, who joined the force in June 2019, has been placed on administrative duties pending the outcome of an investigation. |
The fatal shooting of Mr. Brooks, 27, prompted demonstrations throughout the weekend in Atlanta, including one on Saturday night in which the Wendy’s restaurant where the shooting occurred was burned down. The city’s police chief, Erika Shields, stepped down in the wake of the incident, and Mayor Keisha Lance Bottoms announced major revisions to the department’s use-of-force policies. | |
Video recordings show that the two officers engaged Mr. Brooks in a long conversation that appeared to be respectful, and gave him field sobriety and breathalyzer tests. The officers concluded that Mr. Brooks was intoxicated, and when they moved to handcuff him, Mr. Brooks resisted. The three men wrestled on the pavement, and Mr. Brooks emerged with one of the officer’s Tasers. He ran away and fired the Taser at Mr. Rolfe, who was chasing him close behind. | |
It was at that point that Mr. Rolfe shot him. An autopsy report showed that Mr. Brooks was shot twice in the back. | |
The Fulton County district attorney, Paul Howard, is investigating the case, but has not announced whether the officers should be charged criminally. On Sunday, he told a CNN reporter that Mr. Brooks “did not seem to present any kind of threat to anyone, and so the fact that it would escalate to his death just seems unreasonable.” | |
President Trump signed an executive order on Tuesday to encourage changes in policing, including new restrictions on chokeholds, as Senate Republicans signaled that they were coalescing around a narrow set of law enforcement reforms. But the president’s order will have little immediate impact, and does not address calls from activists and protesters nationwide for broader action and a new focus on racism. | President Trump signed an executive order on Tuesday to encourage changes in policing, including new restrictions on chokeholds, as Senate Republicans signaled that they were coalescing around a narrow set of law enforcement reforms. But the president’s order will have little immediate impact, and does not address calls from activists and protesters nationwide for broader action and a new focus on racism. |
Speaking in the White House Rose Garden and flanked by several uniformed police officials, Mr. Trump depicted police misconduct as rare and police officers as embattled American heroes who must be defended. | Speaking in the White House Rose Garden and flanked by several uniformed police officials, Mr. Trump depicted police misconduct as rare and police officers as embattled American heroes who must be defended. |
The order does not mandate any immediate action; rather, it lays out what a senior administration official called “guiding principles,” to be translated into specifics by the Justice Department and Congress. Mr. Trump said he was “encouraging police departments nationwide to adopt the highest professional standards to serve their communities.” | The order does not mandate any immediate action; rather, it lays out what a senior administration official called “guiding principles,” to be translated into specifics by the Justice Department and Congress. Mr. Trump said he was “encouraging police departments nationwide to adopt the highest professional standards to serve their communities.” |
Mr. Trump said the Justice Department would “prioritize” federal grants to police departments that follow “the highest training standards regarding the use of force.” He said that would include banning chokeholds except when a police officer’s life was in danger. | |
He added that the federal government would “provide more resources” for other kinds of professionals, like social workers, to accompany police officers on calls involving matters like mental health, substance abuse and homelessness. | He added that the federal government would “provide more resources” for other kinds of professionals, like social workers, to accompany police officers on calls involving matters like mental health, substance abuse and homelessness. |
Mr. Trump said he met privately just before the event with the families of nine black men and women whose deaths have stoked protests. They included relatives of Ahmaud Arbery, who was killed near Brunswick, Ga., in February, as well as those of Botham Jean, Antwon Rose, Jemel Roberson, Atatiana Jefferson, Michael Dean, Darius Tarver, Cameron Lamb and Everett Palmer Jr. | |
Mr. Trump said he would “fight for justice for all of our people,” but he said nothing in his remarks about police racism, and scoffed at calls for major systemic changes to policing. | Mr. Trump said he would “fight for justice for all of our people,” but he said nothing in his remarks about police racism, and scoffed at calls for major systemic changes to policing. |
“I strongly oppose the radical and dangerous efforts to defund, dismantle and dissolve our police departments,” Mr. Trump said, adding, “Americans want law and order, they demand law and order.” | “I strongly oppose the radical and dangerous efforts to defund, dismantle and dissolve our police departments,” Mr. Trump said, adding, “Americans want law and order, they demand law and order.” |
At least 98 law enforcement agencies — many in large cities — used some form of tear gas against civilians protesting police brutality and racism in recent weeks, according to an analysis by The New York Times. This brief period has seen the most widespread domestic use of tear gas against demonstrators since the long years of unrest in the late 1960s and early ’70s, according to Stuart Schrader of Johns Hopkins University, who studies race and policing. | |
“Thousands and thousands of utterly ordinary people who thought they were going to an ordinary protest event are finding themselves receiving a really aggressive police response,” he said. “That itself is a bit horrifying. The police have actually succeeded in making people more angry.” | “Thousands and thousands of utterly ordinary people who thought they were going to an ordinary protest event are finding themselves receiving a really aggressive police response,” he said. “That itself is a bit horrifying. The police have actually succeeded in making people more angry.” |
Tear gas has long been used to disperse crowds during protests and riots, both nationally and internationally, despite being banned in warfare by the Chemical Weapons Convention. | Tear gas has long been used to disperse crowds during protests and riots, both nationally and internationally, despite being banned in warfare by the Chemical Weapons Convention. |
If used appropriately, it drives people to flee the gas, which irritates their eyes, skin and lungs without causing serious, long-term injuries in most. But in cases where law enforcement misuses the agent, it can cause debilitating injuries. | If used appropriately, it drives people to flee the gas, which irritates their eyes, skin and lungs without causing serious, long-term injuries in most. But in cases where law enforcement misuses the agent, it can cause debilitating injuries. |
The widespread use of tear gas has prompted pushback, with some lawmakers calling for a ban of its use in Massachusetts and New Orleans. Other cities, including Denver, Seattle, Dallas and Portland, Ore., have all temporarily banned the police from using tear gas. | The widespread use of tear gas has prompted pushback, with some lawmakers calling for a ban of its use in Massachusetts and New Orleans. Other cities, including Denver, Seattle, Dallas and Portland, Ore., have all temporarily banned the police from using tear gas. |
At the request of the mayor, the police chief of Richmond, Va., resigned on Tuesday, after officers reportedly fired chemical irritants and rubber bullets at protesters who had gathered outside Police Headquarters on Sunday and Monday. | At the request of the mayor, the police chief of Richmond, Va., resigned on Tuesday, after officers reportedly fired chemical irritants and rubber bullets at protesters who had gathered outside Police Headquarters on Sunday and Monday. |
The former chief, William C. Smith, was sworn in less than a year ago and has faced sharp criticism in recent weeks as protests erupted in the state capital. Richmond, the former capital of the Confederacy, has been at the forefront of a national debate over whether to remove statues of Confederate leaders. | |
Michael Jones, a City Council member, called the harsh police response to the protests “unacceptable.” Another City Council member, Stephanie Lynch, said on Twitter that she had taken part in a demonstration on Sunday, and that the police had fired tear gas and rubber bullets at peaceful protesters. | Michael Jones, a City Council member, called the harsh police response to the protests “unacceptable.” Another City Council member, Stephanie Lynch, said on Twitter that she had taken part in a demonstration on Sunday, and that the police had fired tear gas and rubber bullets at peaceful protesters. |
In a news release, Mayor Levar Stoney said he had appointed Major William Jody Blackwell as the interim chief. | In a news release, Mayor Levar Stoney said he had appointed Major William Jody Blackwell as the interim chief. |
Mr. Stoney said he expected the Police Department to help reimagine its own role in the city, echoing calls across the country for police reform in the weeks since the police killed George Floyd in Minneapolis. | |
Documents relating to the death of Breonna Taylor, a black woman who was fatally shot by three white Louisville police officers in March, are being withheld by the city, according to lawyers for Ms. Taylor’s mother. | Documents relating to the death of Breonna Taylor, a black woman who was fatally shot by three white Louisville police officers in March, are being withheld by the city, according to lawyers for Ms. Taylor’s mother. |
Protesters against police violence across the country have expressed rage over the death of Ms. Taylor, a 26-year-old emergency medical technician who was killed after police officers used a battering ram to force their way into her apartment in the middle of the night. The officers were executing a “no-knock” search warrant as part of a narcotics investigation. | Protesters against police violence across the country have expressed rage over the death of Ms. Taylor, a 26-year-old emergency medical technician who was killed after police officers used a battering ram to force their way into her apartment in the middle of the night. The officers were executing a “no-knock” search warrant as part of a narcotics investigation. |
Ms. Taylor’s boyfriend, Kenneth Walker, fired on the officers, hitting one of them in the leg. That officer and two others then fired back, hitting Ms. Taylor at least eight times. Whether the police identified themselves before bursting through the door is in dispute; Mr. Walker has said that he believed they were intruders. The city has since banned “no-knock” warrants. | Ms. Taylor’s boyfriend, Kenneth Walker, fired on the officers, hitting one of them in the leg. That officer and two others then fired back, hitting Ms. Taylor at least eight times. Whether the police identified themselves before bursting through the door is in dispute; Mr. Walker has said that he believed they were intruders. The city has since banned “no-knock” warrants. |
Tamika Palmer, the mother of Ms. Taylor, filed a wrongful-death suit in April against the three officers. Her lawyers, Lonita Baker, Sam Aguiar and Benjamin Crump, said on Tuesday that the mayor’s office had been directing other city agencies not to comply with their subpoenas related to the lawsuit. | Tamika Palmer, the mother of Ms. Taylor, filed a wrongful-death suit in April against the three officers. Her lawyers, Lonita Baker, Sam Aguiar and Benjamin Crump, said on Tuesday that the mayor’s office had been directing other city agencies not to comply with their subpoenas related to the lawsuit. |
They pointed to three missed deadlines on Friday: The Louisville coroner’s office failed to hand over its autopsy report, they said; the Louisville Metro Police Merit Board did not turn over personnel files for the three officers; and Mayor Greg Fischer did not supply all of his correspondence relating to the investigation into Ms. Taylor’s death. All three gave the records to the city counsel’s office but not to them, the lawyers said. | They pointed to three missed deadlines on Friday: The Louisville coroner’s office failed to hand over its autopsy report, they said; the Louisville Metro Police Merit Board did not turn over personnel files for the three officers; and Mayor Greg Fischer did not supply all of his correspondence relating to the investigation into Ms. Taylor’s death. All three gave the records to the city counsel’s office but not to them, the lawyers said. |
“Actions speak louder than words,” the lawyers said in a statement. “Of all the cities dealing with the tragedies of officer-involved shootings and violence inflicted upon black lives, Louisville’s administration has been the least transparent, the slowest and the most frustrating.” | “Actions speak louder than words,” the lawyers said in a statement. “Of all the cities dealing with the tragedies of officer-involved shootings and violence inflicted upon black lives, Louisville’s administration has been the least transparent, the slowest and the most frustrating.” |
A spokeswoman for the mayor did not respond to a request for comment. | A spokeswoman for the mayor did not respond to a request for comment. |
Gov. Ralph Northam of Virginia said on Tuesday that he would propose legislation to make June 19 — known as Juneteenth — a paid holiday for state workers. | Gov. Ralph Northam of Virginia said on Tuesday that he would propose legislation to make June 19 — known as Juneteenth — a paid holiday for state workers. |
Juneteenth, also known as Freedom Day or Emancipation Day, commemorates the day in 1865 when news of President Abraham Lincoln’s Emancipation Proclamation reached enslaved people in Texas. Virginia was the leading state in the Confederacy, whose capital was Richmond; Texas was its most remote member. | Juneteenth, also known as Freedom Day or Emancipation Day, commemorates the day in 1865 when news of President Abraham Lincoln’s Emancipation Proclamation reached enslaved people in Texas. Virginia was the leading state in the Confederacy, whose capital was Richmond; Texas was its most remote member. |
“This symbol, this holiday, is one step toward reconciliation,” the governor said on Tuesday. “It is a step toward the Virginia we want to be as we go forward.” He said he believed that only one other state had made Juneteenth a paid holiday. | |
Mr. Northam, a Democrat, faced a wave of criticism and calls for his resignation last year after a photo in a 1984 medical school yearbook surfaced, showing him and another student in racist costumes — one in blackface and the other in a Ku Klux Klan outfit. | Mr. Northam, a Democrat, faced a wave of criticism and calls for his resignation last year after a photo in a 1984 medical school yearbook surfaced, showing him and another student in racist costumes — one in blackface and the other in a Ku Klux Klan outfit. |
The governor apologized, but declined to resign. Since then, he has focused much of his time on race-related issues. During the news conference on Tuesday, he highlighted those efforts, including expanding a state commission on racial equity and removing a statue of Robert E. Lee in Richmond. | |
France has partly backtracked from banning chokeholds by law enforcement officers, after angry protests by police unions, which argued that the police needed the technique to safely carry out some arrests. | |
Christophe Castaner, the country’s interior minister, said this week that chokeholds would be banned after thousands of people across the country protested racism and police violence following the death of George Floyd in Minneapolis. | |
Mr. Castaner said police academies would no longer teach the technique, which involves putting pressure on the neck to subdue a person who is resisting arrest. He did not specify at the time whether officers already in the field would still be allowed to use it, and many police unions objected to banning it. | |
Frédéric Veaux, the national police chief, confirmed in a letter that the move would no longer be taught to new recruits in police academies. But he clarified that officers could still use it “with restraint and discernment” and “when circumstances require it” — in situations in which a person is aggressive or threatening — until a working group comes up with an alternative. | |
The group is expected to present its findings by September. Police officers are still allowed to grab suspects from behind to bring them to the ground. | |
Cédric Chouviat, a delivery driver, died in January shortly after a police stop in Paris that escalated, during which officers pinned him to the ground and, according to one witness, put him in a stranglehold. | |
Reporting was contributed by Maggie Astor, Mike Baker, Aurelien Breeden, Emily Cochrane, Michael Crowley, Thomas Gibbons-Neff, Richard Fausset, K.K. Rebecca Lai, Neil MacFarquhar, Bill Marsh, Sarah Mervosh, Campbell Robertson, Simon Romero, Anjali Singhvi, Kate Taylor, Lucy Tompkins and Will Wright. | |