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Drastic ‘Shelter in Place’ May Be Next for N.Y.C. to Combat Coronavirus Drastic ‘Shelter in Place’ May Be Next for N.Y.C. to Combat Coronavirus
(1 day later)
New York City, a colossus of 8.6 million people and an economic engine for the country, ground to a shocking halt on Tuesday because of the coronavirus outbreak and the restrictions on public life put in place to stem its spread.New York City, a colossus of 8.6 million people and an economic engine for the country, ground to a shocking halt on Tuesday because of the coronavirus outbreak and the restrictions on public life put in place to stem its spread.
The city’s mayor signaled that the shutdown could go even further with the possibility of an order to “shelter in place” — a decision he said “should be made in the next 48 hours.”The city’s mayor signaled that the shutdown could go even further with the possibility of an order to “shelter in place” — a decision he said “should be made in the next 48 hours.”
“If that moment came, there are tremendously substantial challenges that would have to be met,” Mayor Bill de Blasio said in an emotional address at City Hall. “And I don’t take this lightly at all.“If that moment came, there are tremendously substantial challenges that would have to be met,” Mayor Bill de Blasio said in an emotional address at City Hall. “And I don’t take this lightly at all.
“What is going to happen with folks who have no money?” he continued. “How are they going to get food? How are they going to get medicines? How are we going to ensure in a dynamic like that, that supplies are sufficient for our population?”“What is going to happen with folks who have no money?” he continued. “How are they going to get food? How are they going to get medicines? How are we going to ensure in a dynamic like that, that supplies are sufficient for our population?”
As officials grappled with an epidemic that has stricken more than 800 city residents and killed at least seven, the toll on the life of the city was becoming apparent.As officials grappled with an epidemic that has stricken more than 800 city residents and killed at least seven, the toll on the life of the city was becoming apparent.
Times Square emptied out. Macy’s closed. The Statue of Liberty was cordoned off. The Empire State Building was shuttered. Restaurants and bars, the ones that had not closed entirely, stood nearly empty and tried to survive on takeout and delivery orders alone.Times Square emptied out. Macy’s closed. The Statue of Liberty was cordoned off. The Empire State Building was shuttered. Restaurants and bars, the ones that had not closed entirely, stood nearly empty and tried to survive on takeout and delivery orders alone.
“I’d like to see them try keeping New Yorkers off the street,” said Rafael Morales, 52, a super at a co-op building on the Upper West Side of Manhattan.“I’d like to see them try keeping New Yorkers off the street,” said Rafael Morales, 52, a super at a co-op building on the Upper West Side of Manhattan.
New York’s desperation was also made clear when the Metropolitan Transportation Authority, which runs the subway system, buses and two commuter railroads, said on Tuesday that it was seeking a $4 billion federal bailout.New York’s desperation was also made clear when the Metropolitan Transportation Authority, which runs the subway system, buses and two commuter railroads, said on Tuesday that it was seeking a $4 billion federal bailout.
Ridership has plummeted by as much as 90 percent on the region’s trains and 60 percent on the subway — rendering the normally jampacked underground practically unrecognizable.Ridership has plummeted by as much as 90 percent on the region’s trains and 60 percent on the subway — rendering the normally jampacked underground practically unrecognizable.
Officials have grasped for comparisons to other catastrophes. Mr. de Blasio said the economic fallout from the shutdown as a result of the virus could rival that of the Great Depression and the health impact that of the 1918 influenza epidemic that killed over 20,000 in the city.Officials have grasped for comparisons to other catastrophes. Mr. de Blasio said the economic fallout from the shutdown as a result of the virus could rival that of the Great Depression and the health impact that of the 1918 influenza epidemic that killed over 20,000 in the city.
But even as New Yorkers were struggling with the vast shutdown, the mayor and the governor, Andrew M. Cuomo, fell into a familiar pattern: battling with each other over control of the city.But even as New Yorkers were struggling with the vast shutdown, the mayor and the governor, Andrew M. Cuomo, fell into a familiar pattern: battling with each other over control of the city.
As the mayor conducted his news conference on Tuesday, Mr. Cuomo’s office sent out a news release proclaiming that any kind of mass quarantine order would need state approval and that none was imminent. The governor then doubled down on that message.As the mayor conducted his news conference on Tuesday, Mr. Cuomo’s office sent out a news release proclaiming that any kind of mass quarantine order would need state approval and that none was imminent. The governor then doubled down on that message.
“There is not going to be any quarantine, no one is going to lock you in your home, no one is going to tell you, you can’t leave the city,” the governor said in an interview on NY1. “That’s not going to happen.”“There is not going to be any quarantine, no one is going to lock you in your home, no one is going to tell you, you can’t leave the city,” the governor said in an interview on NY1. “That’s not going to happen.”
Some New Yorkers greeted the possibility of being put on virtual lockdown with grim resignation.Some New Yorkers greeted the possibility of being put on virtual lockdown with grim resignation.
Joseph Montes, who was skateboarding down Fourth Avenue in Brooklyn back to a homeless shelter Tuesday night from his job as a tattoo artist in the Bronx, was appalled at the prospect.Joseph Montes, who was skateboarding down Fourth Avenue in Brooklyn back to a homeless shelter Tuesday night from his job as a tattoo artist in the Bronx, was appalled at the prospect.
“That’s totally crazy,” said Mr. Montes, 27, who was wearing a face mask with a jack-o-lantern mouth.“That’s totally crazy,” said Mr. Montes, 27, who was wearing a face mask with a jack-o-lantern mouth.
“People need to be outside, to breathe fresh air,” he said. “I’ve been inside for a long time. It messes with you, makes you feel like a prisoner.”“People need to be outside, to breathe fresh air,” he said. “I’ve been inside for a long time. It messes with you, makes you feel like a prisoner.”
The public disagreement between the mayor and the governor was nothing new, but the immediacy and rawness of it illustrated the tension and uncertainty of the situation, and how public officials have been struggling to respond to it.The public disagreement between the mayor and the governor was nothing new, but the immediacy and rawness of it illustrated the tension and uncertainty of the situation, and how public officials have been struggling to respond to it.
It’s uncertain what a “shelter in place” order would mean for New York City. Mayor de Blasio said it could limit movement to people with essential jobs like police officers, firefighters and health care workers.It’s uncertain what a “shelter in place” order would mean for New York City. Mayor de Blasio said it could limit movement to people with essential jobs like police officers, firefighters and health care workers.
A “shelter in place” order enacted on Tuesday in California’s Bay Area requires people to largely stay at home except for essential activities and forbids people who do not live in the same house from gathering anywhere. Going outside, for example, to a park, is still allowed as long as people maintain a six-foot distance from others.A “shelter in place” order enacted on Tuesday in California’s Bay Area requires people to largely stay at home except for essential activities and forbids people who do not live in the same house from gathering anywhere. Going outside, for example, to a park, is still allowed as long as people maintain a six-foot distance from others.
Asked the difference between sheltering in place and quarantine, Mr. de Blasio said “I don’t want to be the guy” to define the distinction and said he would decide on the matter in consultation with the governor.Asked the difference between sheltering in place and quarantine, Mr. de Blasio said “I don’t want to be the guy” to define the distinction and said he would decide on the matter in consultation with the governor.
New York City has quickly become an epicenter of the pandemic in this country: New cases jumped by 75 percent from Monday to Tuesday, to 814, underscoring the need for even more drastic measures.New York City has quickly become an epicenter of the pandemic in this country: New cases jumped by 75 percent from Monday to Tuesday, to 814, underscoring the need for even more drastic measures.
The mayor, clearly agonizing over his course of action, said that options were running out, and that new restrictions would bring new pain.The mayor, clearly agonizing over his course of action, said that options were running out, and that new restrictions would bring new pain.
“Folks have to understand that, right now, with so many New Yorkers losing employment, losing paychecks, dealing with all sorts of stresses and strains, I’m hearing constantly from people who are tremendously worried about how they’re going to make ends meet,” the mayor said.“Folks have to understand that, right now, with so many New Yorkers losing employment, losing paychecks, dealing with all sorts of stresses and strains, I’m hearing constantly from people who are tremendously worried about how they’re going to make ends meet,” the mayor said.
“I think New Yorkers should be prepared right now for the possibility of a ‘shelter in place’ order,” Mr. de Blasio said.“I think New Yorkers should be prepared right now for the possibility of a ‘shelter in place’ order,” Mr. de Blasio said.
Updated June 12, 2020 Updated June 16, 2020
The coronavirus emergency relief package gives many American workers paid leave if they need to take time off because of the virus. It gives qualified workers two weeks of paid sick leave if they are ill, quarantined or seeking diagnosis or preventive care for coronavirus, or if they are caring for sick family members. It gives 12 weeks of paid leave to people caring for children whose schools are closed or whose child care provider is unavailable because of the coronavirus. It is the first time the United States has had widespread federally mandated paid leave, and includes people who don’t typically get such benefits, like part-time and gig economy workers. But the measure excludes at least half of private-sector workers, including those at the country’s largest employers, and gives small employers significant leeway to deny leave.
So far, the evidence seems to show it does. A widely cited paper published in April suggests that people are most infectious about two days before the onset of coronavirus symptoms and estimated that 44 percent of new infections were a result of transmission from people who were not yet showing symptoms. Recently, a top expert at the World Health Organization stated that transmission of the coronavirus by people who did not have symptoms was “very rare,” but she later walked back that statement.So far, the evidence seems to show it does. A widely cited paper published in April suggests that people are most infectious about two days before the onset of coronavirus symptoms and estimated that 44 percent of new infections were a result of transmission from people who were not yet showing symptoms. Recently, a top expert at the World Health Organization stated that transmission of the coronavirus by people who did not have symptoms was “very rare,” but she later walked back that statement.
Touching contaminated objects and then infecting ourselves with the germs is not typically how the virus spreads. But it can happen. A number of studies of flu, rhinovirus, coronavirus and other microbes have shown that respiratory illnesses, including the new coronavirus, can spread by touching contaminated surfaces, particularly in places like day care centers, offices and hospitals. But a long chain of events has to happen for the disease to spread that way. The best way to protect yourself from coronavirus — whether it’s surface transmission or close human contact — is still social distancing, washing your hands, not touching your face and wearing masks.Touching contaminated objects and then infecting ourselves with the germs is not typically how the virus spreads. But it can happen. A number of studies of flu, rhinovirus, coronavirus and other microbes have shown that respiratory illnesses, including the new coronavirus, can spread by touching contaminated surfaces, particularly in places like day care centers, offices and hospitals. But a long chain of events has to happen for the disease to spread that way. The best way to protect yourself from coronavirus — whether it’s surface transmission or close human contact — is still social distancing, washing your hands, not touching your face and wearing masks.
A study by European scientists is the first to document a strong statistical link between genetic variations and Covid-19, the illness caused by the coronavirus. Having Type A blood was linked to a 50 percent increase in the likelihood that a patient would need to get oxygen or to go on a ventilator, according to the new study.A study by European scientists is the first to document a strong statistical link between genetic variations and Covid-19, the illness caused by the coronavirus. Having Type A blood was linked to a 50 percent increase in the likelihood that a patient would need to get oxygen or to go on a ventilator, according to the new study.
The unemployment rate fell to 13.3 percent in May, the Labor Department said on June 5, an unexpected improvement in the nation’s job market as hiring rebounded faster than economists expected. Economists had forecast the unemployment rate to increase to as much as 20 percent, after it hit 14.7 percent in April, which was the highest since the government began keeping official statistics after World War II. But the unemployment rate dipped instead, with employers adding 2.5 million jobs, after more than 20 million jobs were lost in April.The unemployment rate fell to 13.3 percent in May, the Labor Department said on June 5, an unexpected improvement in the nation’s job market as hiring rebounded faster than economists expected. Economists had forecast the unemployment rate to increase to as much as 20 percent, after it hit 14.7 percent in April, which was the highest since the government began keeping official statistics after World War II. But the unemployment rate dipped instead, with employers adding 2.5 million jobs, after more than 20 million jobs were lost in April.
Mass protests against police brutality that have brought thousands of people onto the streets in cities across America are raising the specter of new coronavirus outbreaks, prompting political leaders, physicians and public health experts to warn that the crowds could cause a surge in cases. While many political leaders affirmed the right of protesters to express themselves, they urged the demonstrators to wear face masks and maintain social distancing, both to protect themselves and to prevent further community spread of the virus. Some infectious disease experts were reassured by the fact that the protests were held outdoors, saying the open air settings could mitigate the risk of transmission.Mass protests against police brutality that have brought thousands of people onto the streets in cities across America are raising the specter of new coronavirus outbreaks, prompting political leaders, physicians and public health experts to warn that the crowds could cause a surge in cases. While many political leaders affirmed the right of protesters to express themselves, they urged the demonstrators to wear face masks and maintain social distancing, both to protect themselves and to prevent further community spread of the virus. Some infectious disease experts were reassured by the fact that the protests were held outdoors, saying the open air settings could mitigate the risk of transmission.
Exercise researchers and physicians have some blunt advice for those of us aiming to return to regular exercise now: Start slowly and then rev up your workouts, also slowly. American adults tended to be about 12 percent less active after the stay-at-home mandates began in March than they were in January. But there are steps you can take to ease your way back into regular exercise safely. First, “start at no more than 50 percent of the exercise you were doing before Covid,” says Dr. Monica Rho, the chief of musculoskeletal medicine at the Shirley Ryan AbilityLab in Chicago. Thread in some preparatory squats, too, she advises. “When you haven’t been exercising, you lose muscle mass.” Expect some muscle twinges after these preliminary, post-lockdown sessions, especially a day or two later. But sudden or increasing pain during exercise is a clarion call to stop and return home.
States are reopening bit by bit. This means that more public spaces are available for use and more and more businesses are being allowed to open again. The federal government is largely leaving the decision up to states, and some state leaders are leaving the decision up to local authorities. Even if you aren’t being told to stay at home, it’s still a good idea to limit trips outside and your interaction with other people.States are reopening bit by bit. This means that more public spaces are available for use and more and more businesses are being allowed to open again. The federal government is largely leaving the decision up to states, and some state leaders are leaving the decision up to local authorities. Even if you aren’t being told to stay at home, it’s still a good idea to limit trips outside and your interaction with other people.
Common symptoms include fever, a dry cough, fatigue and difficulty breathing or shortness of breath. Some of these symptoms overlap with those of the flu, making detection difficult, but runny noses and stuffy sinuses are less common. The C.D.C. has also added chills, muscle pain, sore throat, headache and a new loss of the sense of taste or smell as symptoms to look out for. Most people fall ill five to seven days after exposure, but symptoms may appear in as few as two days or as many as 14 days.Common symptoms include fever, a dry cough, fatigue and difficulty breathing or shortness of breath. Some of these symptoms overlap with those of the flu, making detection difficult, but runny noses and stuffy sinuses are less common. The C.D.C. has also added chills, muscle pain, sore throat, headache and a new loss of the sense of taste or smell as symptoms to look out for. Most people fall ill five to seven days after exposure, but symptoms may appear in as few as two days or as many as 14 days.
If air travel is unavoidable, there are some steps you can take to protect yourself. Most important: Wash your hands often, and stop touching your face. If possible, choose a window seat. A study from Emory University found that during flu season, the safest place to sit on a plane is by a window, as people sitting in window seats had less contact with potentially sick people. Disinfect hard surfaces. When you get to your seat and your hands are clean, use disinfecting wipes to clean the hard surfaces at your seat like the head and arm rest, the seatbelt buckle, the remote, screen, seat back pocket and the tray table. If the seat is hard and nonporous or leather or pleather, you can wipe that down, too. (Using wipes on upholstered seats could lead to a wet seat and spreading of germs rather than killing them.)If air travel is unavoidable, there are some steps you can take to protect yourself. Most important: Wash your hands often, and stop touching your face. If possible, choose a window seat. A study from Emory University found that during flu season, the safest place to sit on a plane is by a window, as people sitting in window seats had less contact with potentially sick people. Disinfect hard surfaces. When you get to your seat and your hands are clean, use disinfecting wipes to clean the hard surfaces at your seat like the head and arm rest, the seatbelt buckle, the remote, screen, seat back pocket and the tray table. If the seat is hard and nonporous or leather or pleather, you can wipe that down, too. (Using wipes on upholstered seats could lead to a wet seat and spreading of germs rather than killing them.)
Taking one’s temperature to look for signs of fever is not as easy as it sounds, as “normal” temperature numbers can vary, but generally, keep an eye out for a temperature of 100.5 degrees Fahrenheit or higher. If you don’t have a thermometer (they can be pricey these days), there are other ways to figure out if you have a fever, or are at risk of Covid-19 complications.Taking one’s temperature to look for signs of fever is not as easy as it sounds, as “normal” temperature numbers can vary, but generally, keep an eye out for a temperature of 100.5 degrees Fahrenheit or higher. If you don’t have a thermometer (they can be pricey these days), there are other ways to figure out if you have a fever, or are at risk of Covid-19 complications.
The C.D.C. has recommended that all Americans wear cloth masks if they go out in public. This is a shift in federal guidance reflecting new concerns that the coronavirus is being spread by infected people who have no symptoms. Until now, the C.D.C., like the W.H.O., has advised that ordinary people don’t need to wear masks unless they are sick and coughing. Part of the reason was to preserve medical-grade masks for health care workers who desperately need them at a time when they are in continuously short supply. Masks don’t replace hand washing and social distancing.The C.D.C. has recommended that all Americans wear cloth masks if they go out in public. This is a shift in federal guidance reflecting new concerns that the coronavirus is being spread by infected people who have no symptoms. Until now, the C.D.C., like the W.H.O., has advised that ordinary people don’t need to wear masks unless they are sick and coughing. Part of the reason was to preserve medical-grade masks for health care workers who desperately need them at a time when they are in continuously short supply. Masks don’t replace hand washing and social distancing.
If you’ve been exposed to the coronavirus or think you have, and have a fever or symptoms like a cough or difficulty breathing, call a doctor. They should give you advice on whether you should be tested, how to get tested, and how to seek medical treatment without potentially infecting or exposing others.If you’ve been exposed to the coronavirus or think you have, and have a fever or symptoms like a cough or difficulty breathing, call a doctor. They should give you advice on whether you should be tested, how to get tested, and how to seek medical treatment without potentially infecting or exposing others.
If you’re sick and you think you’ve been exposed to the new coronavirus, the C.D.C. recommends that you call your healthcare provider and explain your symptoms and fears. They will decide if you need to be tested. Keep in mind that there’s a chance — because of a lack of testing kits or because you’re asymptomatic, for instance — you won’t be able to get tested.If you’re sick and you think you’ve been exposed to the new coronavirus, the C.D.C. recommends that you call your healthcare provider and explain your symptoms and fears. They will decide if you need to be tested. Keep in mind that there’s a chance — because of a lack of testing kits or because you’re asymptomatic, for instance — you won’t be able to get tested.
As it is, the day after broad shutdowns were put in place on Monday across New York, New Jersey and Connecticut, the region was quietly staggering.As it is, the day after broad shutdowns were put in place on Monday across New York, New Jersey and Connecticut, the region was quietly staggering.
After the state waived the seven-day waiting period for filing for unemployment benefits and the resulting surge crashed the Labor Department’s website, officials said the number of applicants was like nothing seen since the aftermath of the Sept. 11 attacks of 2001. The city comptroller said that New York could lose more than $3 billion in tax revenue. One estimate put lost wages in the tourism industry alone at $1 billion per month.After the state waived the seven-day waiting period for filing for unemployment benefits and the resulting surge crashed the Labor Department’s website, officials said the number of applicants was like nothing seen since the aftermath of the Sept. 11 attacks of 2001. The city comptroller said that New York could lose more than $3 billion in tax revenue. One estimate put lost wages in the tourism industry alone at $1 billion per month.
“The economy was teetering to begin with,” Mr. Cuomo said on Monday night. “This is a deep, deep economic hole. You’ll have businesses close that never reopen.”“The economy was teetering to begin with,” Mr. Cuomo said on Monday night. “This is a deep, deep economic hole. You’ll have businesses close that never reopen.”
It has not come to that at the Pasha Turkish restaurant on the Upper West Side. “Every customer that comes in, we try to reassure them that we’re all in this together,” said Rhea Alexis Stuart, the general manager.It has not come to that at the Pasha Turkish restaurant on the Upper West Side. “Every customer that comes in, we try to reassure them that we’re all in this together,” said Rhea Alexis Stuart, the general manager.
But she’s worried about her waiters and waitresses: “What do you say to somebody who most of their salary is tips?”But she’s worried about her waiters and waitresses: “What do you say to somebody who most of their salary is tips?”
In Greenpoint, Brooklyn, Tim Murray, co-owner of the Broken Land bar, was also concerned. He said the bar was giving all of its profits to employees who were now out of work because of virus-related restrictions. “We had to lay everybody off on Monday,” he said. “It really broke our hearts. It’s the worst.”In Greenpoint, Brooklyn, Tim Murray, co-owner of the Broken Land bar, was also concerned. He said the bar was giving all of its profits to employees who were now out of work because of virus-related restrictions. “We had to lay everybody off on Monday,” he said. “It really broke our hearts. It’s the worst.”
Still, the virus continued its march. More than 1,500 people in New York State had tested positive as of Tuesday — a jump of more than 500 since Monday. The few that have been identified include four basketball players from the Brooklyn Nets; several city and state lawmakers; and the head of the New York Police Department’s transit bureau. Twelve people with the virus have died in the state.Still, the virus continued its march. More than 1,500 people in New York State had tested positive as of Tuesday — a jump of more than 500 since Monday. The few that have been identified include four basketball players from the Brooklyn Nets; several city and state lawmakers; and the head of the New York Police Department’s transit bureau. Twelve people with the virus have died in the state.
People who traveled to New York City took the virus home with them: 19 people who attended a conference of group therapists in Midtown Manhattan in the first week of March have tested positive, the American Group Psychotherapy Association said on Tuesday. They came from six states and three countries, from locations as far-flung as Nebraska and Singapore.People who traveled to New York City took the virus home with them: 19 people who attended a conference of group therapists in Midtown Manhattan in the first week of March have tested positive, the American Group Psychotherapy Association said on Tuesday. They came from six states and three countries, from locations as far-flung as Nebraska and Singapore.
Officials in New York have warned that the virus is threatening to overwhelm the health care system within a matter of weeks. Mr. Cuomo said that the contagion is expected to keep rising until it peaks around the beginning of May.Officials in New York have warned that the virus is threatening to overwhelm the health care system within a matter of weeks. Mr. Cuomo said that the contagion is expected to keep rising until it peaks around the beginning of May.
At that point, he said, the state is expected to need at least 55,000 hospital beds and 18,000 beds in intensive-care units, possibly double those figures. The state currently has only 53,000 hospital beds and 3,000 intensive-care beds — and 80 percent of the intensive-care beds are already occupied. The governor has urged that the Army Corps of Engineers be deployed to create makeshift medical wards out of dormitories and other buildings.At that point, he said, the state is expected to need at least 55,000 hospital beds and 18,000 beds in intensive-care units, possibly double those figures. The state currently has only 53,000 hospital beds and 3,000 intensive-care beds — and 80 percent of the intensive-care beds are already occupied. The governor has urged that the Army Corps of Engineers be deployed to create makeshift medical wards out of dormitories and other buildings.
The state is many thousands short of the number of ventilators it would need to help the sickest people breathe if the virus behaves as expected.The state is many thousands short of the number of ventilators it would need to help the sickest people breathe if the virus behaves as expected.
“The numbers are daunting,” Mr. Cuomo said. “What are we doing? Everything we can.”“The numbers are daunting,” Mr. Cuomo said. “What are we doing? Everything we can.”
In one encouraging development on Tuesday, Mr. de Blasio announced that the city had reached an agreement with a large testing company, BioReference Laboratories, that will let the city’s public hospitals and clinics test up to 5,000 people a day. They are currently testing only hundreds. But the results of the tests, the mayor said, would inevitably bring much bad news.In one encouraging development on Tuesday, Mr. de Blasio announced that the city had reached an agreement with a large testing company, BioReference Laboratories, that will let the city’s public hospitals and clinics test up to 5,000 people a day. They are currently testing only hundreds. But the results of the tests, the mayor said, would inevitably bring much bad news.
“We are certainly going to have thousands of cases next week,” Mr. de Blasio said. “It is not that long before we hit 10,000 cases. That is a true statement.”“We are certainly going to have thousands of cases next week,” Mr. de Blasio said. “It is not that long before we hit 10,000 cases. That is a true statement.”
Reporting was contributed by Annie Correal, Luis Ferré-Sadurní, Joseph Goldstein, Corey Kilgannon, Patrick McGeehan, Jeffery C. Mays, Jesse McKinley Liam Stack and Neil Vigdor.Reporting was contributed by Annie Correal, Luis Ferré-Sadurní, Joseph Goldstein, Corey Kilgannon, Patrick McGeehan, Jeffery C. Mays, Jesse McKinley Liam Stack and Neil Vigdor.