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| Fed Slashes Rates to Near-Zero and Unveils Sweeping Program to Aid Economy | Fed Slashes Rates to Near-Zero and Unveils Sweeping Program to Aid Economy |
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| WASHINGTON — With the fast-spreading coronavirus posing a dire threat to economic growth, the Federal Reserve on Sunday night took the dramatic step of slashing interest rates to near-zero and unveiled a sweeping set of programs in an effort backstop the United States economy. | WASHINGTON — With the fast-spreading coronavirus posing a dire threat to economic growth, the Federal Reserve on Sunday night took the dramatic step of slashing interest rates to near-zero and unveiled a sweeping set of programs in an effort backstop the United States economy. |
| In addition to cutting its benchmark interest rate by a full percentage point, returning it to a range of 0 to 0.25 percent, the Fed said it would inject huge sums into the economy by snapping up at least $500 billion of Treasury securities and at least $200 billion of mortgage-backed debt “over coming months.” | In addition to cutting its benchmark interest rate by a full percentage point, returning it to a range of 0 to 0.25 percent, the Fed said it would inject huge sums into the economy by snapping up at least $500 billion of Treasury securities and at least $200 billion of mortgage-backed debt “over coming months.” |
| The remarkable Sunday afternoon action — a drastic move unlike any since the depths of the global financial crisis a dozen years ago — reflected the imminent peril facing the global economy as the virus shutters factories, quarantines workers and disrupts everyday life. | The remarkable Sunday afternoon action — a drastic move unlike any since the depths of the global financial crisis a dozen years ago — reflected the imminent peril facing the global economy as the virus shutters factories, quarantines workers and disrupts everyday life. |
| President Trump, who has been vocal in his criticism of the Fed, praised the central bank’s move and sought to assure worried Americans that food supplies would not be disrupted. After weeks of problems, the administration promised again to expand access to testing for the virus, but a top official added, “I’m not going to say that the lab testing issue is over.” | President Trump, who has been vocal in his criticism of the Fed, praised the central bank’s move and sought to assure worried Americans that food supplies would not be disrupted. After weeks of problems, the administration promised again to expand access to testing for the virus, but a top official added, “I’m not going to say that the lab testing issue is over.” |
| The virus is wreaking havoc across the world, with Italy reporting 368 new deaths, bringing the toll there to 1,809 on Sunday — the largest one-day uptick yet of any country, and, some experts warned, a harbinger of the threat to the United States if the government does not take swift action. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention recommended Sunday that no gatherings with 50 people or more be held in the United States for the next eight weeks. | The virus is wreaking havoc across the world, with Italy reporting 368 new deaths, bringing the toll there to 1,809 on Sunday — the largest one-day uptick yet of any country, and, some experts warned, a harbinger of the threat to the United States if the government does not take swift action. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention recommended Sunday that no gatherings with 50 people or more be held in the United States for the next eight weeks. |
| Germany announced it would close its borders with Austria, Denmark, France, Luxembourg and Switzerland, following several other European Union member states in restricting the freedom of movement across the Continent. | Germany announced it would close its borders with Austria, Denmark, France, Luxembourg and Switzerland, following several other European Union member states in restricting the freedom of movement across the Continent. |
| The Vatican said on Sunday that its traditional services during the week before Easter, which usually draw tens of thousands of people, would not be open to the public next month, interrupting a historic tradition. Ireland closed pubs for two weeks, including on St. Patrick’s Day, while Austria banned gatherings of more than five people. | The Vatican said on Sunday that its traditional services during the week before Easter, which usually draw tens of thousands of people, would not be open to the public next month, interrupting a historic tradition. Ireland closed pubs for two weeks, including on St. Patrick’s Day, while Austria banned gatherings of more than five people. |
| In the United States, more than 3,100 cases of the virus have been reported across 49 states as of Sunday, and public officials scrambled to enact stricter measures to slow the virus’s spread, including the shuttering of schools, restaurants, bars and other businesses. | In the United States, more than 3,100 cases of the virus have been reported across 49 states as of Sunday, and public officials scrambled to enact stricter measures to slow the virus’s spread, including the shuttering of schools, restaurants, bars and other businesses. |
| New York City’s public school system, the nation’s largest with 1.1 million students, will begin shutting down this week, Governor Andrew M. Cuomo said, in the city’s most aggressive and disruptive effort to slow the coronavirus. Minnesota, Rhode Island and South Carolina also closed schools. | New York City’s public school system, the nation’s largest with 1.1 million students, will begin shutting down this week, Governor Andrew M. Cuomo said, in the city’s most aggressive and disruptive effort to slow the coronavirus. Minnesota, Rhode Island and South Carolina also closed schools. |
| Ohio ordered restaurants and bars to close starting Sunday night and Maryland ordered casinos, racetracks and betting facilities to close “indefinitely.” Starbucks said it would close some stores in malls and cities with outbreaks, including New York and Seattle, and shift to a “to-go” model in all other locations. | Ohio ordered restaurants and bars to close starting Sunday night and Maryland ordered casinos, racetracks and betting facilities to close “indefinitely.” Starbucks said it would close some stores in malls and cities with outbreaks, including New York and Seattle, and shift to a “to-go” model in all other locations. |
| Gov. Gavin Newsom of California called for everyone 65 and older to shelter at home and asked all bars, nightclubs and wineries to close. | Gov. Gavin Newsom of California called for everyone 65 and older to shelter at home and asked all bars, nightclubs and wineries to close. |
| Dr. Anthony Fauci, the director of the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, said that people were “going to have to hunker down significantly more than we as a country are doing.” | Dr. Anthony Fauci, the director of the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, said that people were “going to have to hunker down significantly more than we as a country are doing.” |
| He suggested a 14-day national shutdown might eventually be warranted and urged people to practice social distancing. “There are going to be people who are young who are going to wind up getting seriously ill,” he said. | He suggested a 14-day national shutdown might eventually be warranted and urged people to practice social distancing. “There are going to be people who are young who are going to wind up getting seriously ill,” he said. |
| There was chaos over the weekend at some of America’s biggest airports, as the U.S. government rushed on Saturday to enact Mr. Trump’s restrictions on travel from Europe. In Dallas, travelers posted photos on Twitter of long winding lines in the airport. In New York, customs agents in paper and plastic masks boarded a flight from Paris. And in Chicago, where travelers reported standing in line for hours, Gov. J.B. Pritzker of Illinois tagged Mr. Trump in a series of angry tweets about the long waits, saying, “The federal government needs to get its s@#t together. NOW.” | There was chaos over the weekend at some of America’s biggest airports, as the U.S. government rushed on Saturday to enact Mr. Trump’s restrictions on travel from Europe. In Dallas, travelers posted photos on Twitter of long winding lines in the airport. In New York, customs agents in paper and plastic masks boarded a flight from Paris. And in Chicago, where travelers reported standing in line for hours, Gov. J.B. Pritzker of Illinois tagged Mr. Trump in a series of angry tweets about the long waits, saying, “The federal government needs to get its s@#t together. NOW.” |
| At a news conference on Sunday afternoon, Mr. Trump said he had held a phone call with chief executives of several food suppliers who said they were committed to staying open through the pandemic. He said the call was “very reassuring” and said there was no need to “hoard” essential food supplies. | At a news conference on Sunday afternoon, Mr. Trump said he had held a phone call with chief executives of several food suppliers who said they were committed to staying open through the pandemic. He said the call was “very reassuring” and said there was no need to “hoard” essential food supplies. |
| “You don’t have to buy so much, take it easy, just relax,” Mr. Trump said. “We’re doing great, it all will pass.” | “You don’t have to buy so much, take it easy, just relax,” Mr. Trump said. “We’re doing great, it all will pass.” |
| Earlier in the day, Mr. Trump seemed to be trying to divert attention from a disease that could plunge the United States into a recession during an election that is predicated on his economic stewardship. Mr. Trump, on Twitter, said he was “strongly considering” pardoning his former national security adviser, Michael J. Flynn, who pleaded guilty to lying to the F.B.I. about his dealings with Russia’s ambassador. | Earlier in the day, Mr. Trump seemed to be trying to divert attention from a disease that could plunge the United States into a recession during an election that is predicated on his economic stewardship. Mr. Trump, on Twitter, said he was “strongly considering” pardoning his former national security adviser, Michael J. Flynn, who pleaded guilty to lying to the F.B.I. about his dealings with Russia’s ambassador. |
| And Mr. Trump once again lashed out at Senator Chuck Schumer, Democrat of New York, over comments he had made at a rally in front of the Supreme Court this month, in which he attacked Mr. Trump’s two Supreme Court appointees, Justices Neil M. Gorsuch and Brett M. Kavanaugh. | And Mr. Trump once again lashed out at Senator Chuck Schumer, Democrat of New York, over comments he had made at a rally in front of the Supreme Court this month, in which he attacked Mr. Trump’s two Supreme Court appointees, Justices Neil M. Gorsuch and Brett M. Kavanaugh. |
| With economic activity in the United States coming to a virtual standstill and a recession looking increasingly likely, the Fed has become America’s first line of economic defense. | With economic activity in the United States coming to a virtual standstill and a recession looking increasingly likely, the Fed has become America’s first line of economic defense. |
| “The coronavirus outbreak has harmed communities and disrupted economic activity in many countries, including the United States,” the central bank said in a statement. “The Federal Reserve is prepared to use its full range of tools to support the flow of credit to households and businesses. | “The coronavirus outbreak has harmed communities and disrupted economic activity in many countries, including the United States,” the central bank said in a statement. “The Federal Reserve is prepared to use its full range of tools to support the flow of credit to households and businesses. |
| Chair Jerome H. Powell and his Fed colleagues are trying to prevent the near-term disruptions caused by allowing businesses to default on loans or close permanently, which could inflict long-term damage that could take years to shake off. They are also working to make sure that the inner workings of financial markets function smoothly at a time of intense volatility. | Chair Jerome H. Powell and his Fed colleagues are trying to prevent the near-term disruptions caused by allowing businesses to default on loans or close permanently, which could inflict long-term damage that could take years to shake off. They are also working to make sure that the inner workings of financial markets function smoothly at a time of intense volatility. |
| “The virus presents significant economic challenges,” Mr. Powell said in a news conference on Sunday evening. In the past week, he said, “several important financial markets” have “shown signs of stress,” pointing specifically to the Treasury market. The Fed’s bond purchases are squarely aimed at keeping the market for government debt, which forms the backbone of the broader financial system, functioning smoothly. | “The virus presents significant economic challenges,” Mr. Powell said in a news conference on Sunday evening. In the past week, he said, “several important financial markets” have “shown signs of stress,” pointing specifically to the Treasury market. The Fed’s bond purchases are squarely aimed at keeping the market for government debt, which forms the backbone of the broader financial system, functioning smoothly. |
| The Fed’s move comes on the heels of a House bill, passed early Saturday morning, that aims to provide free testing for the coronavirus and sick pay for some workers. | The Fed’s move comes on the heels of a House bill, passed early Saturday morning, that aims to provide free testing for the coronavirus and sick pay for some workers. |
| The measure, which the Senate is expected to take up on Monday, is just the first in what lawmakers have said will be a series of relief legislation. | The measure, which the Senate is expected to take up on Monday, is just the first in what lawmakers have said will be a series of relief legislation. |
| On Sunday, Mr. Powell reiterated that Congress had a large role to play in combating the economic impact. “Typically fiscal policy does pay a major role when there are downturns,” he said. “That will probably need to be the case here as well.” | On Sunday, Mr. Powell reiterated that Congress had a large role to play in combating the economic impact. “Typically fiscal policy does pay a major role when there are downturns,” he said. “That will probably need to be the case here as well.” |
| Updated June 30, 2020 | |
| Common symptoms include fever, a dry cough, fatigue and difficulty breathing or shortness of breath. Some of these symptoms overlap with those of the flu, making detection difficult, but runny noses and stuffy sinuses are less common. The C.D.C. has also added chills, muscle pain, sore throat, headache and a new loss of the sense of taste or smell as symptoms to look out for. Most people fall ill five to seven days after exposure, but symptoms may appear in as few as two days or as many as 14 days. | |
| Scientists around the country have tried to identify everyday materials that do a good job of filtering microscopic particles. In recent tests, HEPA furnace filters scored high, as did vacuum cleaner bags, fabric similar to flannel pajamas and those of 600-count pillowcases. Other materials tested included layered coffee filters and scarves and bandannas. These scored lower, but still captured a small percentage of particles. | Scientists around the country have tried to identify everyday materials that do a good job of filtering microscopic particles. In recent tests, HEPA furnace filters scored high, as did vacuum cleaner bags, fabric similar to flannel pajamas and those of 600-count pillowcases. Other materials tested included layered coffee filters and scarves and bandannas. These scored lower, but still captured a small percentage of particles. |
| A commentary published this month on the website of the British Journal of Sports Medicine points out that covering your face during exercise “comes with issues of potential breathing restriction and discomfort” and requires “balancing benefits versus possible adverse events.” Masks do alter exercise, says Cedric X. Bryant, the president and chief science officer of the American Council on Exercise, a nonprofit organization that funds exercise research and certifies fitness professionals. “In my personal experience,” he says, “heart rates are higher at the same relative intensity when you wear a mask.” Some people also could experience lightheadedness during familiar workouts while masked, says Len Kravitz, a professor of exercise science at the University of New Mexico. | A commentary published this month on the website of the British Journal of Sports Medicine points out that covering your face during exercise “comes with issues of potential breathing restriction and discomfort” and requires “balancing benefits versus possible adverse events.” Masks do alter exercise, says Cedric X. Bryant, the president and chief science officer of the American Council on Exercise, a nonprofit organization that funds exercise research and certifies fitness professionals. “In my personal experience,” he says, “heart rates are higher at the same relative intensity when you wear a mask.” Some people also could experience lightheadedness during familiar workouts while masked, says Len Kravitz, a professor of exercise science at the University of New Mexico. |
| The steroid, dexamethasone, is the first treatment shown to reduce mortality in severely ill patients, according to scientists in Britain. The drug appears to reduce inflammation caused by the immune system, protecting the tissues. In the study, dexamethasone reduced deaths of patients on ventilators by one-third, and deaths of patients on oxygen by one-fifth. | The steroid, dexamethasone, is the first treatment shown to reduce mortality in severely ill patients, according to scientists in Britain. The drug appears to reduce inflammation caused by the immune system, protecting the tissues. In the study, dexamethasone reduced deaths of patients on ventilators by one-third, and deaths of patients on oxygen by one-fifth. |
| The coronavirus emergency relief package gives many American workers paid leave if they need to take time off because of the virus. It gives qualified workers two weeks of paid sick leave if they are ill, quarantined or seeking diagnosis or preventive care for coronavirus, or if they are caring for sick family members. It gives 12 weeks of paid leave to people caring for children whose schools are closed or whose child care provider is unavailable because of the coronavirus. It is the first time the United States has had widespread federally mandated paid leave, and includes people who don’t typically get such benefits, like part-time and gig economy workers. But the measure excludes at least half of private-sector workers, including those at the country’s largest employers, and gives small employers significant leeway to deny leave. | The coronavirus emergency relief package gives many American workers paid leave if they need to take time off because of the virus. It gives qualified workers two weeks of paid sick leave if they are ill, quarantined or seeking diagnosis or preventive care for coronavirus, or if they are caring for sick family members. It gives 12 weeks of paid leave to people caring for children whose schools are closed or whose child care provider is unavailable because of the coronavirus. It is the first time the United States has had widespread federally mandated paid leave, and includes people who don’t typically get such benefits, like part-time and gig economy workers. But the measure excludes at least half of private-sector workers, including those at the country’s largest employers, and gives small employers significant leeway to deny leave. |
| So far, the evidence seems to show it does. A widely cited paper published in April suggests that people are most infectious about two days before the onset of coronavirus symptoms and estimated that 44 percent of new infections were a result of transmission from people who were not yet showing symptoms. Recently, a top expert at the World Health Organization stated that transmission of the coronavirus by people who did not have symptoms was “very rare,” but she later walked back that statement. | So far, the evidence seems to show it does. A widely cited paper published in April suggests that people are most infectious about two days before the onset of coronavirus symptoms and estimated that 44 percent of new infections were a result of transmission from people who were not yet showing symptoms. Recently, a top expert at the World Health Organization stated that transmission of the coronavirus by people who did not have symptoms was “very rare,” but she later walked back that statement. |
| Touching contaminated objects and then infecting ourselves with the germs is not typically how the virus spreads. But it can happen. A number of studies of flu, rhinovirus, coronavirus and other microbes have shown that respiratory illnesses, including the new coronavirus, can spread by touching contaminated surfaces, particularly in places like day care centers, offices and hospitals. But a long chain of events has to happen for the disease to spread that way. The best way to protect yourself from coronavirus — whether it’s surface transmission or close human contact — is still social distancing, washing your hands, not touching your face and wearing masks. | Touching contaminated objects and then infecting ourselves with the germs is not typically how the virus spreads. But it can happen. A number of studies of flu, rhinovirus, coronavirus and other microbes have shown that respiratory illnesses, including the new coronavirus, can spread by touching contaminated surfaces, particularly in places like day care centers, offices and hospitals. But a long chain of events has to happen for the disease to spread that way. The best way to protect yourself from coronavirus — whether it’s surface transmission or close human contact — is still social distancing, washing your hands, not touching your face and wearing masks. |
| A study by European scientists is the first to document a strong statistical link between genetic variations and Covid-19, the illness caused by the coronavirus. Having Type A blood was linked to a 50 percent increase in the likelihood that a patient would need to get oxygen or to go on a ventilator, according to the new study. | A study by European scientists is the first to document a strong statistical link between genetic variations and Covid-19, the illness caused by the coronavirus. Having Type A blood was linked to a 50 percent increase in the likelihood that a patient would need to get oxygen or to go on a ventilator, according to the new study. |
| The unemployment rate fell to 13.3 percent in May, the Labor Department said on June 5, an unexpected improvement in the nation’s job market as hiring rebounded faster than economists expected. Economists had forecast the unemployment rate to increase to as much as 20 percent, after it hit 14.7 percent in April, which was the highest since the government began keeping official statistics after World War II. But the unemployment rate dipped instead, with employers adding 2.5 million jobs, after more than 20 million jobs were lost in April. | The unemployment rate fell to 13.3 percent in May, the Labor Department said on June 5, an unexpected improvement in the nation’s job market as hiring rebounded faster than economists expected. Economists had forecast the unemployment rate to increase to as much as 20 percent, after it hit 14.7 percent in April, which was the highest since the government began keeping official statistics after World War II. But the unemployment rate dipped instead, with employers adding 2.5 million jobs, after more than 20 million jobs were lost in April. |
| If air travel is unavoidable, there are some steps you can take to protect yourself. Most important: Wash your hands often, and stop touching your face. If possible, choose a window seat. A study from Emory University found that during flu season, the safest place to sit on a plane is by a window, as people sitting in window seats had less contact with potentially sick people. Disinfect hard surfaces. When you get to your seat and your hands are clean, use disinfecting wipes to clean the hard surfaces at your seat like the head and arm rest, the seatbelt buckle, the remote, screen, seat back pocket and the tray table. If the seat is hard and nonporous or leather or pleather, you can wipe that down, too. (Using wipes on upholstered seats could lead to a wet seat and spreading of germs rather than killing them.) | If air travel is unavoidable, there are some steps you can take to protect yourself. Most important: Wash your hands often, and stop touching your face. If possible, choose a window seat. A study from Emory University found that during flu season, the safest place to sit on a plane is by a window, as people sitting in window seats had less contact with potentially sick people. Disinfect hard surfaces. When you get to your seat and your hands are clean, use disinfecting wipes to clean the hard surfaces at your seat like the head and arm rest, the seatbelt buckle, the remote, screen, seat back pocket and the tray table. If the seat is hard and nonporous or leather or pleather, you can wipe that down, too. (Using wipes on upholstered seats could lead to a wet seat and spreading of germs rather than killing them.) |
| If you’ve been exposed to the coronavirus or think you have, and have a fever or symptoms like a cough or difficulty breathing, call a doctor. They should give you advice on whether you should be tested, how to get tested, and how to seek medical treatment without potentially infecting or exposing others. | If you’ve been exposed to the coronavirus or think you have, and have a fever or symptoms like a cough or difficulty breathing, call a doctor. They should give you advice on whether you should be tested, how to get tested, and how to seek medical treatment without potentially infecting or exposing others. |
| Mr. Trump, who has jawboned the Fed for months to slash rates and accused Mr. Powell of putting the United States at a disadvantage, offered rare praise on Sunday. “I want to congratulate the Federal Reserve,” he said. “People in the market should be very thrilled.” He added, “We got it down to potentially zero.” | Mr. Trump, who has jawboned the Fed for months to slash rates and accused Mr. Powell of putting the United States at a disadvantage, offered rare praise on Sunday. “I want to congratulate the Federal Reserve,” he said. “People in the market should be very thrilled.” He added, “We got it down to potentially zero.” |
| Economists also applauded the Fed’s decision to move early and aggressively. | Economists also applauded the Fed’s decision to move early and aggressively. |
| “They really went to extremes here to find as many ways as possible to ease credit,” said Michael Feroli, chief U.S. economist at J.P. Morgan. “They’re trying to do all they can do — and do it quick, do it now.” | “They really went to extremes here to find as many ways as possible to ease credit,” said Michael Feroli, chief U.S. economist at J.P. Morgan. “They’re trying to do all they can do — and do it quick, do it now.” |
| But markets were unimpressed, concerned instead about growing evidence that the coronavirus will amount to far more than a blip. Stock futures plummeted on Sunday evening, and a key Japanese equity index opened lower. | But markets were unimpressed, concerned instead about growing evidence that the coronavirus will amount to far more than a blip. Stock futures plummeted on Sunday evening, and a key Japanese equity index opened lower. |
| In addition to buying bonds and cutting rates, the Fed also took steps to ensure that banks are able to continue lending and that credit markets don’t seize up the way they did in 2008. | In addition to buying bonds and cutting rates, the Fed also took steps to ensure that banks are able to continue lending and that credit markets don’t seize up the way they did in 2008. |
| The Fed encouraged banks to use its discount window, which provides ready access to financing, and said it was “encouraging banks to use their capital and liquidity buffers as they lend to households and businesses.” The Fed also eliminated a requirement that banks stash a certain level of reserves — essentially customer deposits — at the Fed. The suite of efforts was meant to free up cash so that banks can keep lending at a time when companies are tapping their lines of credit and even regular consumers are scrambling for cash. | The Fed encouraged banks to use its discount window, which provides ready access to financing, and said it was “encouraging banks to use their capital and liquidity buffers as they lend to households and businesses.” The Fed also eliminated a requirement that banks stash a certain level of reserves — essentially customer deposits — at the Fed. The suite of efforts was meant to free up cash so that banks can keep lending at a time when companies are tapping their lines of credit and even regular consumers are scrambling for cash. |
| “We’ve given broad general guidance to the banks,” Mr. Powell said, adding that the banks are saying that they “have every intention” of lending and “that’s a good thing.” | “We’ve given broad general guidance to the banks,” Mr. Powell said, adding that the banks are saying that they “have every intention” of lending and “that’s a good thing.” |
| On Sunday, the eight largest American banks, including JPMorgan Chase, Bank of America, Goldman Sachs and Wells Fargo, announced that they would suspend their practice of buying back shares for the first half of the year, in order to “provide maximum support to individuals, small businesses, and the broader economy through lending and other important services” during the outbreak. | On Sunday, the eight largest American banks, including JPMorgan Chase, Bank of America, Goldman Sachs and Wells Fargo, announced that they would suspend their practice of buying back shares for the first half of the year, in order to “provide maximum support to individuals, small businesses, and the broader economy through lending and other important services” during the outbreak. |
| Some lawmakers, including Senator Sherrod Brown, Democrat of Ohio, had demanded banks end buybacks during the crisis. “Banks need to be investing in their communities right now, not investing in their C.E.O.s’ stock portfolios,” Mr. Brown said last week. | Some lawmakers, including Senator Sherrod Brown, Democrat of Ohio, had demanded banks end buybacks during the crisis. “Banks need to be investing in their communities right now, not investing in their C.E.O.s’ stock portfolios,” Mr. Brown said last week. |
| The central bank also announced that the Fed, along with the Bank of Canada, the Bank of England, the Bank of Japan, the European Central Bank and the Swiss National Bank would sweeten the terms on arrangements that help to keep dollar funding flowing globally. | The central bank also announced that the Fed, along with the Bank of Canada, the Bank of England, the Bank of Japan, the European Central Bank and the Swiss National Bank would sweeten the terms on arrangements that help to keep dollar funding flowing globally. |
| The Fed has a history of using “swap lines” to help foreign central banks deliver U.S. dollar funding to financial institutions in their regions amid market stress. Swap lines essentially allow the Fed to lend dollars to foreign central banks in return for their local currency, for a limited time. They were used extensively during the financial crisis, and are needed again as market strains make American cash harder to come by — including for companies that need them to service dollar-denominated debt. | The Fed has a history of using “swap lines” to help foreign central banks deliver U.S. dollar funding to financial institutions in their regions amid market stress. Swap lines essentially allow the Fed to lend dollars to foreign central banks in return for their local currency, for a limited time. They were used extensively during the financial crisis, and are needed again as market strains make American cash harder to come by — including for companies that need them to service dollar-denominated debt. |
| The Fed’s actions on Sunday were on top of previous crisis measures. The Fed slashed interest rates by half a percentage point at an emergency meeting on March 3, and has rolled out a number of initiatives to keep markets flush with cash and chugging along. | The Fed’s actions on Sunday were on top of previous crisis measures. The Fed slashed interest rates by half a percentage point at an emergency meeting on March 3, and has rolled out a number of initiatives to keep markets flush with cash and chugging along. |
| But the Fed now has little room should things worsen. The central bank had nudged rates higher after slashing them to near zero during the financial crisis, but ushered in three cuts in 2019 to protect the economy amid Mr. Trump’s trade war and a global slowdown that preceded the virus. | But the Fed now has little room should things worsen. The central bank had nudged rates higher after slashing them to near zero during the financial crisis, but ushered in three cuts in 2019 to protect the economy amid Mr. Trump’s trade war and a global slowdown that preceded the virus. |
| Mr. Powell did not use the word “recession” but said he expected the second quarter of U.S. economic growth to be “weak.” | Mr. Powell did not use the word “recession” but said he expected the second quarter of U.S. economic growth to be “weak.” |
| After that, he said, “it’s very hard to say how big the effects will be or how long they will last. That’s going to depend on how widely the virus spreads,” he said, adding that the answer to that is “unknowable.” | After that, he said, “it’s very hard to say how big the effects will be or how long they will last. That’s going to depend on how widely the virus spreads,” he said, adding that the answer to that is “unknowable.” |
| While the central bank has exhausted perhaps its most powerful recession-fighting tool, Mr. Powell pointed out that very low rates will make it cheaper for consumers to borrow and spend even as the United States bounces back from the virus, and underlined that the Fed stands ready to use asset purchases and liquidity tools — its backup options when rates are at rock-bottom. | While the central bank has exhausted perhaps its most powerful recession-fighting tool, Mr. Powell pointed out that very low rates will make it cheaper for consumers to borrow and spend even as the United States bounces back from the virus, and underlined that the Fed stands ready to use asset purchases and liquidity tools — its backup options when rates are at rock-bottom. |
| “We knew that there was going to be a day when the Fed was going to be constrained again,” Mr. Feroli said. “This is that day.” | “We knew that there was going to be a day when the Fed was going to be constrained again,” Mr. Feroli said. “This is that day.” |
| Jim Tankersley contributed reporting. | Jim Tankersley contributed reporting. |