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President Trump on Vaccines: From Skeptic to Cheerleader President Trump on Vaccines: From Skeptic to Cheerleader
(8 days later)
President Trump has been promising the imminent arrival of a vaccine to halt the spread of the coronavirus, the novel germ that has sickened more than 100,000 people worldwide, killed more than 3,400 and is now spreading in the United States.President Trump has been promising the imminent arrival of a vaccine to halt the spread of the coronavirus, the novel germ that has sickened more than 100,000 people worldwide, killed more than 3,400 and is now spreading in the United States.
Federal health officials have repeatedly pointed out that his timetable is off — that it will take at least a year — but his single-minded focus on warp-speed production of a new vaccine represents a striking philosophical shift. For years, Mr. Trump was an extreme vaccine skeptic who not only blamed childhood immunizations for autism — a position that scientists have forcefully repudiated — but once boasted he had never had a flu shot.Federal health officials have repeatedly pointed out that his timetable is off — that it will take at least a year — but his single-minded focus on warp-speed production of a new vaccine represents a striking philosophical shift. For years, Mr. Trump was an extreme vaccine skeptic who not only blamed childhood immunizations for autism — a position that scientists have forcefully repudiated — but once boasted he had never had a flu shot.
At least a decade before Mr. Trump was elected president, with responsibilities that would include nominating experts to lead the nation’s health centers, the hotelier and commercial developer was holding forth with great confidence about medical topics. When an interviewer would note that physicians disagreed with the dim view he took of vaccines, Mr. Trump remained ever ebullient, impervious and dismissive of scientific authority.At least a decade before Mr. Trump was elected president, with responsibilities that would include nominating experts to lead the nation’s health centers, the hotelier and commercial developer was holding forth with great confidence about medical topics. When an interviewer would note that physicians disagreed with the dim view he took of vaccines, Mr. Trump remained ever ebullient, impervious and dismissive of scientific authority.
Perhaps that bravado was infectious: As a private citizen and celebrity, Mr. Trump was, somewhat mystifyingly, often sought by the media for his thoughts on vaccines. The absolutism of his thundering tweets that disparaged the childhood vaccination schedule — itself meticulously vetted by experts who would, years later, be answerable to him — only hardened.Perhaps that bravado was infectious: As a private citizen and celebrity, Mr. Trump was, somewhat mystifyingly, often sought by the media for his thoughts on vaccines. The absolutism of his thundering tweets that disparaged the childhood vaccination schedule — itself meticulously vetted by experts who would, years later, be answerable to him — only hardened.
Now, as his federal health agencies tackle the rapidly morphing coronavirus epidemic and he and his administration come under fire for serious missteps in managing it, Mr. Trump has had to adjust his messaging. He is now all in on a vaccine and the sooner the better, says the man who in 2015 said that he didn’t “like the idea of injecting bad stuff in your body.”Now, as his federal health agencies tackle the rapidly morphing coronavirus epidemic and he and his administration come under fire for serious missteps in managing it, Mr. Trump has had to adjust his messaging. He is now all in on a vaccine and the sooner the better, says the man who in 2015 said that he didn’t “like the idea of injecting bad stuff in your body.”
But in assessing the threat from the coronavirus, he is clearly picking and choosing among the public health facts that he finds appealing, preferring his own judgment to that of experts, as he always has.But in assessing the threat from the coronavirus, he is clearly picking and choosing among the public health facts that he finds appealing, preferring his own judgment to that of experts, as he always has.
The limits of that supreme confidence showed in press briefings last week. Mr. Trump struggled to understand why a flu shot would not also prevent the coronavirus, and why developing a vaccine that would be used on millions of people worldwide needed to be a painstaking process involving clinical trials to prove the vaccines were safe and effective.The limits of that supreme confidence showed in press briefings last week. Mr. Trump struggled to understand why a flu shot would not also prevent the coronavirus, and why developing a vaccine that would be used on millions of people worldwide needed to be a painstaking process involving clinical trials to prove the vaccines were safe and effective.
Nevertheless, Mr. Trump is telling crowds that the curbing of the coronavirus is on the horizon. At a rally in Charlotte, N.C. he said, “They’re going to have vaccines, I think relatively soon.”Nevertheless, Mr. Trump is telling crowds that the curbing of the coronavirus is on the horizon. At a rally in Charlotte, N.C. he said, “They’re going to have vaccines, I think relatively soon.”
Mr. Trump sponsored fund-raisers at his Mar-a-Lago estate in Florida for Autism Speaks, a parent advocacy group.Mr. Trump sponsored fund-raisers at his Mar-a-Lago estate in Florida for Autism Speaks, a parent advocacy group.
“When I was growing up, autism wasn’t really a factor,” he told the South Florida Sun-Sentinel in a 2007 interview. “And now all of a sudden, it’s an epidemic. Everybody has their theory. My theory, and I study it because I have young children, my theory is the shots. We’re giving these massive injections at one time, and I really think it does something to the children.”“When I was growing up, autism wasn’t really a factor,” he told the South Florida Sun-Sentinel in a 2007 interview. “And now all of a sudden, it’s an epidemic. Everybody has their theory. My theory, and I study it because I have young children, my theory is the shots. We’re giving these massive injections at one time, and I really think it does something to the children.”
At a press briefing about the fund-raiser, Mr. Trump talked about vaccinating his son, Barron, then almost 2: “What we’ve done with Barron, we’ve taken him on a very slow process. He gets one shot at a time then we wait a few months and give him another shot, the old-fashioned way.”At a press briefing about the fund-raiser, Mr. Trump talked about vaccinating his son, Barron, then almost 2: “What we’ve done with Barron, we’ve taken him on a very slow process. He gets one shot at a time then we wait a few months and give him another shot, the old-fashioned way.”
The assertion that the measles-mumps-rubella vaccine led to autism was based on a discredited 1998 study in the Lancet that was retracted after the claim was rigorously studied and repudiated.The assertion that the measles-mumps-rubella vaccine led to autism was based on a discredited 1998 study in the Lancet that was retracted after the claim was rigorously studied and repudiated.
Mr. Trump’s concern about the schedule for young children is a common vaccine question that parents raise.Mr. Trump’s concern about the schedule for young children is a common vaccine question that parents raise.
Currently, children receive about 15 shots over the first 18 months of their life — not one massive injection — to protect them against 14 diseases, including diphtheria and measles. The schedule is reviewed regularly by a panel of experts who report to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.Currently, children receive about 15 shots over the first 18 months of their life — not one massive injection — to protect them against 14 diseases, including diphtheria and measles. The schedule is reviewed regularly by a panel of experts who report to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.
Though modern vaccines immunize against more diseases than older ones did, they are far more benign. According to Dr. Sean O’Leary, a member of the American Academy of Pediatrics’ committee on infectious diseases, the current schedule exposes young children to about 100 antigens, the toxins that prompt the body to produce immunities. In the 1990s, toddlers were exposed to about 3,200 antigens from vaccines for just two diseases — smallpox and pertussis.Though modern vaccines immunize against more diseases than older ones did, they are far more benign. According to Dr. Sean O’Leary, a member of the American Academy of Pediatrics’ committee on infectious diseases, the current schedule exposes young children to about 100 antigens, the toxins that prompt the body to produce immunities. In the 1990s, toddlers were exposed to about 3,200 antigens from vaccines for just two diseases — smallpox and pertussis.
From April 2009 through February 2010, about 12,000 Americans died from an influenza strain known as “swine flu,” which spread around the globe and infected at least 42 million people. On April 29, Mr. Trump called in to the Fox News show “Your World with Neil Cavuto,” during which they discussed the epidemic.From April 2009 through February 2010, about 12,000 Americans died from an influenza strain known as “swine flu,” which spread around the globe and infected at least 42 million people. On April 29, Mr. Trump called in to the Fox News show “Your World with Neil Cavuto,” during which they discussed the epidemic.
Mr. Cavuto asked if there was a risk of overreaction, including endorsing vaccines that could do more harm than good. Mr. Trump said there was.Mr. Cavuto asked if there was a risk of overreaction, including endorsing vaccines that could do more harm than good. Mr. Trump said there was.
“I think the vaccines can be very dangerous. And, obviously, you know, a lot of people are talking about vaccines with children with respect to autism.”“I think the vaccines can be very dangerous. And, obviously, you know, a lot of people are talking about vaccines with children with respect to autism.”
Later in the interview Mr. Trump said that if his children got sick, he would keep them at home from school:Later in the interview Mr. Trump said that if his children got sick, he would keep them at home from school:
“But I don’t think I would inject them with all sorts of vaccines that, really, nobody even right now knows if it works with respect to what they’re — what they’re looking at right now, Neil.”“But I don’t think I would inject them with all sorts of vaccines that, really, nobody even right now knows if it works with respect to what they’re — what they’re looking at right now, Neil.”
On Autism Awareness Day in April, Mr. Trump called in to Fox and Friends. The hosts noted that most physicians disagreed with his theory that vaccines cause autism.On Autism Awareness Day in April, Mr. Trump called in to Fox and Friends. The hosts noted that most physicians disagreed with his theory that vaccines cause autism.
“Well, it’s also very controversial to even say, but I couldn’t care less. I mean, I’ve seen people, where they have a perfectly healthy child, and they go for the vaccinations, and a month later the child is no longer healthy.”“Well, it’s also very controversial to even say, but I couldn’t care less. I mean, I’ve seen people, where they have a perfectly healthy child, and they go for the vaccinations, and a month later the child is no longer healthy.”
He continued: “It happened to somebody that worked for me recently. I mean, they had this beautiful child, not a problem in the world, and all of a sudden, they go in, they get this monster shot — you ever see the size of it? It’s like they’re pumping in, you know it’s terrible, the amount, and they pump this into this little body, and then all of a sudden the child is different a month later. And I strongly believe that’s it.”He continued: “It happened to somebody that worked for me recently. I mean, they had this beautiful child, not a problem in the world, and all of a sudden, they go in, they get this monster shot — you ever see the size of it? It’s like they’re pumping in, you know it’s terrible, the amount, and they pump this into this little body, and then all of a sudden the child is different a month later. And I strongly believe that’s it.”
That same year, Mr. Trump was tweeting those views.That same year, Mr. Trump was tweeting those views.
Throughout 2014, Mr. Trump’s tweets associating autism and vaccines and challenging the early childhood schedule escalated in intensity and number.Throughout 2014, Mr. Trump’s tweets associating autism and vaccines and challenging the early childhood schedule escalated in intensity and number.
The next year he announced he was running for president.The next year he announced he was running for president.
During a CNN debate among Republican presidential candidates that September, Mr. Trump said he supported vaccinations generally, but again disputed the early childhood schedule and cited a child of someone who worked for him:During a CNN debate among Republican presidential candidates that September, Mr. Trump said he supported vaccinations generally, but again disputed the early childhood schedule and cited a child of someone who worked for him:
“If you take this little beautiful baby, and you pump … I mean, it looks just like it’s meant for a horse, not for a child, and we’ve had so many instances, people that work for me, just the other day, 2 years old, 2½ years old, a child, a beautiful child, went to have the vaccine and came back, and a week later got a tremendous fever, got very, very sick, now is autistic.”“If you take this little beautiful baby, and you pump … I mean, it looks just like it’s meant for a horse, not for a child, and we’ve had so many instances, people that work for me, just the other day, 2 years old, 2½ years old, a child, a beautiful child, went to have the vaccine and came back, and a week later got a tremendous fever, got very, very sick, now is autistic.”
A month later, Mr. Trump called in to the “Opie With Jim Norton” radio show. He was asked if he got the flu shot every year. Mr. Trump replied:A month later, Mr. Trump called in to the “Opie With Jim Norton” radio show. He was asked if he got the flu shot every year. Mr. Trump replied:
“I’ve never had one and that’s why I’ve never had the flu. I don’t like the idea of injecting bad stuff into your body, which is basically what they do.”“I’ve never had one and that’s why I’ve never had the flu. I don’t like the idea of injecting bad stuff into your body, which is basically what they do.”
Outbreaks of measles, a disease readily preventable by vaccines, were appearing in pockets across the country and the world last year, reigniting volatile debates about parental choice, child safety and the well-being of the community at large.Outbreaks of measles, a disease readily preventable by vaccines, were appearing in pockets across the country and the world last year, reigniting volatile debates about parental choice, child safety and the well-being of the community at large.
Updated June 24, 2020
Scientists around the country have tried to identify everyday materials that do a good job of filtering microscopic particles. In recent tests, HEPA furnace filters scored high, as did vacuum cleaner bags, fabric similar to flannel pajamas and those of 600-count pillowcases. Other materials tested included layered coffee filters and scarves and bandannas. These scored lower, but still captured a small percentage of particles.
A commentary published this month on the website of the British Journal of Sports Medicine points out that covering your face during exercise “comes with issues of potential breathing restriction and discomfort” and requires “balancing benefits versus possible adverse events.” Masks do alter exercise, says Cedric X. Bryant, the president and chief science officer of the American Council on Exercise, a nonprofit organization that funds exercise research and certifies fitness professionals. “In my personal experience,” he says, “heart rates are higher at the same relative intensity when you wear a mask.” Some people also could experience lightheadedness during familiar workouts while masked, says Len Kravitz, a professor of exercise science at the University of New Mexico.
The steroid, dexamethasone, is the first treatment shown to reduce mortality in severely ill patients, according to scientists in Britain. The drug appears to reduce inflammation caused by the immune system, protecting the tissues. In the study, dexamethasone reduced deaths of patients on ventilators by one-third, and deaths of patients on oxygen by one-fifth.
The coronavirus emergency relief package gives many American workers paid leave if they need to take time off because of the virus. It gives qualified workers two weeks of paid sick leave if they are ill, quarantined or seeking diagnosis or preventive care for coronavirus, or if they are caring for sick family members. It gives 12 weeks of paid leave to people caring for children whose schools are closed or whose child care provider is unavailable because of the coronavirus. It is the first time the United States has had widespread federally mandated paid leave, and includes people who don’t typically get such benefits, like part-time and gig economy workers. But the measure excludes at least half of private-sector workers, including those at the country’s largest employers, and gives small employers significant leeway to deny leave.
So far, the evidence seems to show it does. A widely cited paper published in April suggests that people are most infectious about two days before the onset of coronavirus symptoms and estimated that 44 percent of new infections were a result of transmission from people who were not yet showing symptoms. Recently, a top expert at the World Health Organization stated that transmission of the coronavirus by people who did not have symptoms was “very rare,” but she later walked back that statement.
Touching contaminated objects and then infecting ourselves with the germs is not typically how the virus spreads. But it can happen. A number of studies of flu, rhinovirus, coronavirus and other microbes have shown that respiratory illnesses, including the new coronavirus, can spread by touching contaminated surfaces, particularly in places like day care centers, offices and hospitals. But a long chain of events has to happen for the disease to spread that way. The best way to protect yourself from coronavirus — whether it’s surface transmission or close human contact — is still social distancing, washing your hands, not touching your face and wearing masks.
A study by European scientists is the first to document a strong statistical link between genetic variations and Covid-19, the illness caused by the coronavirus. Having Type A blood was linked to a 50 percent increase in the likelihood that a patient would need to get oxygen or to go on a ventilator, according to the new study.
The unemployment rate fell to 13.3 percent in May, the Labor Department said on June 5, an unexpected improvement in the nation’s job market as hiring rebounded faster than economists expected. Economists had forecast the unemployment rate to increase to as much as 20 percent, after it hit 14.7 percent in April, which was the highest since the government began keeping official statistics after World War II. But the unemployment rate dipped instead, with employers adding 2.5 million jobs, after more than 20 million jobs were lost in April.
Common symptoms include fever, a dry cough, fatigue and difficulty breathing or shortness of breath. Some of these symptoms overlap with those of the flu, making detection difficult, but runny noses and stuffy sinuses are less common. The C.D.C. has also added chills, muscle pain, sore throat, headache and a new loss of the sense of taste or smell as symptoms to look out for. Most people fall ill five to seven days after exposure, but symptoms may appear in as few as two days or as many as 14 days.
If air travel is unavoidable, there are some steps you can take to protect yourself. Most important: Wash your hands often, and stop touching your face. If possible, choose a window seat. A study from Emory University found that during flu season, the safest place to sit on a plane is by a window, as people sitting in window seats had less contact with potentially sick people. Disinfect hard surfaces. When you get to your seat and your hands are clean, use disinfecting wipes to clean the hard surfaces at your seat like the head and arm rest, the seatbelt buckle, the remote, screen, seat back pocket and the tray table. If the seat is hard and nonporous or leather or pleather, you can wipe that down, too. (Using wipes on upholstered seats could lead to a wet seat and spreading of germs rather than killing them.)
If you’ve been exposed to the coronavirus or think you have, and have a fever or symptoms like a cough or difficulty breathing, call a doctor. They should give you advice on whether you should be tested, how to get tested, and how to seek medical treatment without potentially infecting or exposing others.
In the White House driveway, Mr. Trump replied to shouted questions from reporters about whether parents should get their children vaccinated:In the White House driveway, Mr. Trump replied to shouted questions from reporters about whether parents should get their children vaccinated:
“They have to get the shot. The vaccinations are so important. This is really going around now. They have to get their shot.”“They have to get the shot. The vaccinations are so important. This is really going around now. They have to get their shot.”
In September, Mr. Trump signed an executive order to ensure access for Americans to safe, effective modern flu vaccines.In September, Mr. Trump signed an executive order to ensure access for Americans to safe, effective modern flu vaccines.
The novel coronavirus had reached the United States, the stock market was quaking, and federal health officials were trying to prepare Americans for a likely epidemic. Mr. Trump, traveling in India, downplayed concerns about the spread back home.The novel coronavirus had reached the United States, the stock market was quaking, and federal health officials were trying to prepare Americans for a likely epidemic. Mr. Trump, traveling in India, downplayed concerns about the spread back home.
Returning to Washington, he called a news briefing to reassure the public:Returning to Washington, he called a news briefing to reassure the public:
“It’s a little like the regular flu, that we have flu shots for, and we’ll essentially have a flu shot for this, in a fairly quick manner.”“It’s a little like the regular flu, that we have flu shots for, and we’ll essentially have a flu shot for this, in a fairly quick manner.”
At another news briefing a few days later, on Feb. 29, Mr. Trump was asked whether he had, in fact, had a flu shot himself.At another news briefing a few days later, on Feb. 29, Mr. Trump was asked whether he had, in fact, had a flu shot himself.
“I did,” he replied.“I did,” he replied.
On March 2, he met with drug company executives. He told them he had not realized how high the number of flu deaths in the United States was — 34,200 during the 2018-19 flu season, according to the C.D.C.On March 2, he met with drug company executives. He told them he had not realized how high the number of flu deaths in the United States was — 34,200 during the 2018-19 flu season, according to the C.D.C.
He asked the executives: “You take a solid flu vaccine — you don’t think that would have an impact or much of an impact on corona?”He asked the executives: “You take a solid flu vaccine — you don’t think that would have an impact or much of an impact on corona?”
No, the executives told him, probably not.No, the executives told him, probably not.
Apparently trying to manage Mr. Trump’s expectations, Dr. Leonard Schleifer, the chief executive of Regeneron, a biotechnology company, delicately suggested that an essential truth about scientific research is that success is cultivated from a large mound of failed experiments.Apparently trying to manage Mr. Trump’s expectations, Dr. Leonard Schleifer, the chief executive of Regeneron, a biotechnology company, delicately suggested that an essential truth about scientific research is that success is cultivated from a large mound of failed experiments.
“We have a group of people around this table, myself included, who are in an industry where optimism is an essential part of the tool kit,” Dr. Schleifer said. “But realism is that, you know, 95 percent of what we all work on doesn’t go too far. So we — that’s why it’s so important to have so many different approaches.”“We have a group of people around this table, myself included, who are in an industry where optimism is an essential part of the tool kit,” Dr. Schleifer said. “But realism is that, you know, 95 percent of what we all work on doesn’t go too far. So we — that’s why it’s so important to have so many different approaches.”
Like other drugs, vaccines go through phases of rigorous trials, first on animals, then on humans, to determine safety and efficacy before they can be approved and disseminated widely. As the executives pitched the efficiency of their companies’ vaccine development processes, they discussed how quickly a test vaccine could be ready for initial trials. Some suggested three months, others two.Like other drugs, vaccines go through phases of rigorous trials, first on animals, then on humans, to determine safety and efficacy before they can be approved and disseminated widely. As the executives pitched the efficiency of their companies’ vaccine development processes, they discussed how quickly a test vaccine could be ready for initial trials. Some suggested three months, others two.
Apparently Mr. Trump thought they were referring to the time frames for producing a completed vaccine. He turned to Dr. Anthony S. Fauci, director of the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, and said:Apparently Mr. Trump thought they were referring to the time frames for producing a completed vaccine. He turned to Dr. Anthony S. Fauci, director of the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, and said:
“I’ve heard very quick numbers — a matter of months — and I’ve heard pretty much a year would be an outside number. So I think that’s not a bad — that’s not a bad range. But if you’re talking about three to four months, in a couple of cases, and a year in other cases — wouldn’t you say, Doctor, would that be about right?”“I’ve heard very quick numbers — a matter of months — and I’ve heard pretty much a year would be an outside number. So I think that’s not a bad — that’s not a bad range. But if you’re talking about three to four months, in a couple of cases, and a year in other cases — wouldn’t you say, Doctor, would that be about right?”
Dr. Fauci turned to the executives and officials around the table, and repeatedly tapped the polished wood surface for emphasis. “Would you — would you make sure you get the President the information that a vaccine that you make and start testing in a year is not a vaccine that’s deployable. So he’s asking the question, ‘When is it going to be deployable?’ And that is going to be, at the earliest, a year to a year and a half, no matter how fast you go.”Dr. Fauci turned to the executives and officials around the table, and repeatedly tapped the polished wood surface for emphasis. “Would you — would you make sure you get the President the information that a vaccine that you make and start testing in a year is not a vaccine that’s deployable. So he’s asking the question, ‘When is it going to be deployable?’ And that is going to be, at the earliest, a year to a year and a half, no matter how fast you go.”
The executives said they could have therapeutic medications to ease symptoms ready more quickly, which seemed to assuage the president.The executives said they could have therapeutic medications to ease symptoms ready more quickly, which seemed to assuage the president.
Later that night, at a rally in Charlotte, N.C., Mr. Trump was still heralding the quick arrival of a vaccine to solve the coronavirus problem.Later that night, at a rally in Charlotte, N.C., Mr. Trump was still heralding the quick arrival of a vaccine to solve the coronavirus problem.
“Today we met with the big great pharmaceutical companies and they’re really working hard and they’re working smart,” he said. “And we had some — we had a great meeting today with a lot of the great companies and they’re going to have vaccines, I think relatively soon.”“Today we met with the big great pharmaceutical companies and they’re really working hard and they’re working smart,” he said. “And we had some — we had a great meeting today with a lot of the great companies and they’re going to have vaccines, I think relatively soon.”
Jack Begg and Dahlia Kozlowsky contributed research.Jack Begg and Dahlia Kozlowsky contributed research.