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| U.S. Added 145,000 Jobs in December; Unemployment at 3.5% | U.S. Added 145,000 Jobs in December; Unemployment at 3.5% |
| (32 minutes later) | |
| ■ 145,000 jobs were added in December. Analysts had expected a gain of about 160,000. | ■ 145,000 jobs were added in December. Analysts had expected a gain of about 160,000. |
| ■ The unemployment rate was unchanged at 3.5 percent. | ■ The unemployment rate was unchanged at 3.5 percent. |
| ■ Average hourly earnings rose by 0.1 percent. The year-over-year gain is now 2.9 percent. | ■ Average hourly earnings rose by 0.1 percent. The year-over-year gain is now 2.9 percent. |
| Hiring for the final month of 2019 capped a year of steady but slowing gains in employment, the latest evidence that the American labor market has not run out of breath. | Hiring for the final month of 2019 capped a year of steady but slowing gains in employment, the latest evidence that the American labor market has not run out of breath. |
| Sluggish growth and uncertainty abroad, combined with a maturing labor market at home, contributed to slimmer payroll gains last year, said Gregory Daco, the chief United States economist at Oxford Economics. | Sluggish growth and uncertainty abroad, combined with a maturing labor market at home, contributed to slimmer payroll gains last year, said Gregory Daco, the chief United States economist at Oxford Economics. |
| But cooling job creation is to be expected in the 11th year of an economic expansion, and as the government’s report, released Friday, showed, the slowdown has been gradual. | But cooling job creation is to be expected in the 11th year of an economic expansion, and as the government’s report, released Friday, showed, the slowdown has been gradual. |
| There were weak spots. Revisions for the previous two months reduced last year’s total gains by 14,000 jobs. And the struggling manufacturing sector lost 12,000 positions in December. | There were weak spots. Revisions for the previous two months reduced last year’s total gains by 14,000 jobs. And the struggling manufacturing sector lost 12,000 positions in December. |
| The much larger service sector remains strong. | |
| The average monthly gains for the last three months of the year were 184,000, on par with the rest of the year. For the full year, the economy added 2.1 million jobs, fewer than the 2.7 million created in 2018, but more than enough to handily outpace population growth. It is the smallest annual increase since 2011. | |
| The Labor Department’s preliminary estimate of December’s performance does not alter last year’s overall employment picture. | The Labor Department’s preliminary estimate of December’s performance does not alter last year’s overall employment picture. |
| “I think 2019 was a year of consolidation,” Mr. Daco said. “We had relatively strong and steady job growth over the year despite a number of headwinds including a trade war with China, weaker global activity and heightened policy uncertainty.” | “I think 2019 was a year of consolidation,” Mr. Daco said. “We had relatively strong and steady job growth over the year despite a number of headwinds including a trade war with China, weaker global activity and heightened policy uncertainty.” |
| Such uncertainty — which nudges businesses to be more cautious in hiring and investment — is far from clearing. | Such uncertainty — which nudges businesses to be more cautious in hiring and investment — is far from clearing. |
| There has been progress on the trade front — the United States and China have reached the first phase of an agreement that officials are expected to sign next week. But two-thirds of Chinese imports — worth $360 billion — are still subject to tariffs. And President Trump has said he will impose more tariffs on imports from Europe this month. | There has been progress on the trade front — the United States and China have reached the first phase of an agreement that officials are expected to sign next week. But two-thirds of Chinese imports — worth $360 billion — are still subject to tariffs. And President Trump has said he will impose more tariffs on imports from Europe this month. |
| More unexpectedly, global markets were briefly rattled in recent days by fears of a broader violent clash between the United States and Iran after the president’s decision to kill a top Iranian general. Iran struck American air bases in Iraq in retaliation this week, but the attack is said to have resulted in no casualties and tensions have eased. | More unexpectedly, global markets were briefly rattled in recent days by fears of a broader violent clash between the United States and Iran after the president’s decision to kill a top Iranian general. Iran struck American air bases in Iraq in retaliation this week, but the attack is said to have resulted in no casualties and tensions have eased. |
| The labor market, by contrast, has provided some calm. Despite the occasional swoop in payroll gains, the official unemployment rate has remained at half-century lows. And Americans who had been outside the work force have decided to join in. | |
| “I didn’t see much wrong with the labor market in 2019,” said Rubeela Farooqi, chief United States economist at High Frequency Economics. | “I didn’t see much wrong with the labor market in 2019,” said Rubeela Farooqi, chief United States economist at High Frequency Economics. |
| Perhaps the most discouraging news in the report was the anemic wage growth, amounting to just 2.9 percent over the past 12 months — far below the 3.4 percent peak reached in February, and down from the 3.3 percent year-over-year average in December 2018. | Perhaps the most discouraging news in the report was the anemic wage growth, amounting to just 2.9 percent over the past 12 months — far below the 3.4 percent peak reached in February, and down from the 3.3 percent year-over-year average in December 2018. |
| “It’s easier to get a job than a raise in this economy,” said Diane Swonk, chief economist at Grant Thornton. “Something that the Fed has been humbled by is how little wage acceleration there’s been,” she added, referring to the Federal Reserve. | |
| The labor squeeze has helped workers at the lowest end of the pay scale, pushing wage increases above the overall average. Minimum wage increases in 21 states and 26 cities and counties that either went into effect this month or are scheduled for later this year could help to further pull up paychecks at the bottom. | The labor squeeze has helped workers at the lowest end of the pay scale, pushing wage increases above the overall average. Minimum wage increases in 21 states and 26 cities and counties that either went into effect this month or are scheduled for later this year could help to further pull up paychecks at the bottom. |
| The slowdown in wage growth is puzzling considering that the jobless rate has been below 4 percent for nearly two years. Employers routinely lament their inability to find workers at the wages they are offering. Finding qualified workers was the top challenge cited by small-business owners in December, according to a monthly survey by the National Federation of Independent Business. | The slowdown in wage growth is puzzling considering that the jobless rate has been below 4 percent for nearly two years. Employers routinely lament their inability to find workers at the wages they are offering. Finding qualified workers was the top challenge cited by small-business owners in December, according to a monthly survey by the National Federation of Independent Business. |
| Consumer confidence continues to float at high levels, but businesses have kept wages low because many owners say they fear that higher prices would chase away customers. | Consumer confidence continues to float at high levels, but businesses have kept wages low because many owners say they fear that higher prices would chase away customers. |
| The proportion of the population that is working is below pre-recession levels, but the flow of more Americans into the job market may also be damping wages. About three-fourths of new hires were not even looking for work the previous month. | The proportion of the population that is working is below pre-recession levels, but the flow of more Americans into the job market may also be damping wages. About three-fourths of new hires were not even looking for work the previous month. |
| “It’s been slowing over the last several months,” Elise Gould, an economist at the Economic Policy Institute, a liberal research organization in Washington, said of wage growth. | “It’s been slowing over the last several months,” Elise Gould, an economist at the Economic Policy Institute, a liberal research organization in Washington, said of wage growth. |
| “We haven’t really seen any changes in the labor market that would explain that,” she said. “Lots of businesses are showing profits, but we’re not seeing the kind of capital investments that we’d thought we’d see.” | “We haven’t really seen any changes in the labor market that would explain that,” she said. “Lots of businesses are showing profits, but we’re not seeing the kind of capital investments that we’d thought we’d see.” |
| The job totals can mask wide differences based on location, skills and industry. | |
| Health care, transportation and logistics, and professional and business services have flourished. | Health care, transportation and logistics, and professional and business services have flourished. |
| The retail sector, which has struggled for much of 2019, was buoyed by the holiday season and added 41,000 jobs in December. | The retail sector, which has struggled for much of 2019, was buoyed by the holiday season and added 41,000 jobs in December. |
| Construction, mining and manufacturing, industries that tend to be more affected by the global economy, have also struggled. Construction bounced back a bit in December, adding 20,000 jobs, while mining slumped again. | Construction, mining and manufacturing, industries that tend to be more affected by the global economy, have also struggled. Construction bounced back a bit in December, adding 20,000 jobs, while mining slumped again. |
| Even so, there are pockets in these goods-producing sectors that are doing well, like those related to electrical vehicles and charging docks, said Julia Pollak, a labor economist for the employment site ZipRecruiter. | Even so, there are pockets in these goods-producing sectors that are doing well, like those related to electrical vehicles and charging docks, said Julia Pollak, a labor economist for the employment site ZipRecruiter. |
| “Manufacturing is not dead, but its location will shift,” she said, noting that new plants do not necessarily replace closed ones. | “Manufacturing is not dead, but its location will shift,” she said, noting that new plants do not necessarily replace closed ones. |
| There has been little sign that this weakness has spread to the much larger service sector. | There has been little sign that this weakness has spread to the much larger service sector. |
| Ms. Pollak pointed to other patterns: “The highest job growth and wage growth have been in nine states.” | Ms. Pollak pointed to other patterns: “The highest job growth and wage growth have been in nine states.” |
| Among the top four, Utah, Nevada, Arizona and Colorado, the expansion has been driven by the technology industry. Those states have benefited in part because they have lower housing costs than Silicon Valley, Ms. Pollak said. | Among the top four, Utah, Nevada, Arizona and Colorado, the expansion has been driven by the technology industry. Those states have benefited in part because they have lower housing costs than Silicon Valley, Ms. Pollak said. |
| Their less congested roads and airspace are also a draw, especially for companies that are building and testing technologies like drones and driverless cars, she added. | Their less congested roads and airspace are also a draw, especially for companies that are building and testing technologies like drones and driverless cars, she added. |
| Even companies based in California — still a powerhouse of job creation — are locating their customer service and call centers in these nearby states. | Even companies based in California — still a powerhouse of job creation — are locating their customer service and call centers in these nearby states. |
| On the West Coast, Washington is also notching strong gains, Ms. Pollak said, while in the South, Florida, Alabama and South Carolina have managed to combine job and wage gains. | On the West Coast, Washington is also notching strong gains, Ms. Pollak said, while in the South, Florida, Alabama and South Carolina have managed to combine job and wage gains. |
| “Yes, I do plan on hiring,” said Robert Herman, who owns a mobile pet grooming franchise in Charleston, S.C., where the jobless rate was 1.8 percent in November. “We’re doing great.” | “Yes, I do plan on hiring,” said Robert Herman, who owns a mobile pet grooming franchise in Charleston, S.C., where the jobless rate was 1.8 percent in November. “We’re doing great.” |
| This year, he said he planned to add a fifth van to his fleet of moving dog and cat salons and hire two more employees. Between commission and tips, he said his workers earned an average of $20 to $25 an hour. | This year, he said he planned to add a fifth van to his fleet of moving dog and cat salons and hire two more employees. Between commission and tips, he said his workers earned an average of $20 to $25 an hour. |
| The Labor Department this week also reported a dip in the number of new people filing for unemployment, a figure that remains at historically low levels. Nonetheless, “over all, the job cuts that we saw in 2019 were fairly high, higher than you would expect,” said Andy Challenger, a vice president at Challenger, Gray & Christmas, an outplacement firm that tracks layoff announcements. | The Labor Department this week also reported a dip in the number of new people filing for unemployment, a figure that remains at historically low levels. Nonetheless, “over all, the job cuts that we saw in 2019 were fairly high, higher than you would expect,” said Andy Challenger, a vice president at Challenger, Gray & Christmas, an outplacement firm that tracks layoff announcements. |
| Industrial goods and automobile manufacturers were the hardest hit, in part because of the trade war. “As rosy as the numbers look from a high level, there’s still pain out there, jobs cuts that are happening, industries that are struggling and people losing their jobs,” Mr. Challenger said. | Industrial goods and automobile manufacturers were the hardest hit, in part because of the trade war. “As rosy as the numbers look from a high level, there’s still pain out there, jobs cuts that are happening, industries that are struggling and people losing their jobs,” Mr. Challenger said. |
| Because the company’s survey tracks layoff announcements — as opposed to jobs that have been eliminated — he said that it was “a bit more forward-looking” than the Labor Department’s figures. Plans can change, he noted, but the results “point to sentiments, if they think they’re going to cut.” | Because the company’s survey tracks layoff announcements — as opposed to jobs that have been eliminated — he said that it was “a bit more forward-looking” than the Labor Department’s figures. Plans can change, he noted, but the results “point to sentiments, if they think they’re going to cut.” |
| The department’s monthly report is based on two surveys, one of employers and the other of households. Economists there are continually updating their results, and Friday’s report takes account of some very minor adjustments. | The department’s monthly report is based on two surveys, one of employers and the other of households. Economists there are continually updating their results, and Friday’s report takes account of some very minor adjustments. |
| Much more substantial revisions are scheduled to be released next month, when the government publishes its annual update of payroll gains. Preliminary data released over the summer indicated that job growth through last spring was weaker by about 500,000 jobs than initial estimates. That will change some year-to-year comparisons. | Much more substantial revisions are scheduled to be released next month, when the government publishes its annual update of payroll gains. Preliminary data released over the summer indicated that job growth through last spring was weaker by about 500,000 jobs than initial estimates. That will change some year-to-year comparisons. |