This article is from the source 'nytimes' and was first published or seen on . It last changed over 40 days ago and won't be checked again for changes.
You can find the current article at its original source at https://www.nytimes.com/2020/01/07/nyregion/rare-languages-seke-vlashki-wakhi.html
The article has changed 6 times. There is an RSS feed of changes available.
| Version 4 | Version 5 |
|---|---|
| Just 700 Speak This Language (50 in the Same Brooklyn Building) | Just 700 Speak This Language (50 in the Same Brooklyn Building) |
| (4 days later) | |
| The apartment building, in Brooklyn’s Flatbush neighborhood, is a hive of nationalities. A Pakistani woman entered the elevator on a recent afternoon with a big bag of groceries, flicking a dupatta over her shoulder as a Nepalese nurse and the janitor, a man from Jamaica there to mop up a spill, followed her in. | The apartment building, in Brooklyn’s Flatbush neighborhood, is a hive of nationalities. A Pakistani woman entered the elevator on a recent afternoon with a big bag of groceries, flicking a dupatta over her shoulder as a Nepalese nurse and the janitor, a man from Jamaica there to mop up a spill, followed her in. |
| It was hardly an unusual scene in New York, one of the world’s most diverse cities. But this nondescript, seven-story brick building is also the improbable home to some of the last speakers of a rare, unwritten language from Nepal that linguists worry could disappear within a generation, if not sooner. | It was hardly an unusual scene in New York, one of the world’s most diverse cities. But this nondescript, seven-story brick building is also the improbable home to some of the last speakers of a rare, unwritten language from Nepal that linguists worry could disappear within a generation, if not sooner. |
| The language, Seke, is spoken in just five villages cloistered by craggy cliffs and caves in a part of Nepal called Mustang, a region close to the border with Tibet. | The language, Seke, is spoken in just five villages cloistered by craggy cliffs and caves in a part of Nepal called Mustang, a region close to the border with Tibet. |
| There are just 700 or so Seke speakers left in the world, according to a recent study by the Endangered Language Alliance, a New York-based organization dedicated to preserving rare languages in the city. | There are just 700 or so Seke speakers left in the world, according to a recent study by the Endangered Language Alliance, a New York-based organization dedicated to preserving rare languages in the city. |
| Of those, a little over 100 are in New York, and nearly half of them live in the building in Flatbush. | Of those, a little over 100 are in New York, and nearly half of them live in the building in Flatbush. |
| “I live on the fifth floor. My uncle lives on the second. My cousins live on the sixth, and a family friend lives on the first,” said Rasmina Gurung, 21, who came to New York eight years ago from Chuksang, one of the five villages in Nepal where Seke is spoken and that is known for its apples. | “I live on the fifth floor. My uncle lives on the second. My cousins live on the sixth, and a family friend lives on the first,” said Rasmina Gurung, 21, who came to New York eight years ago from Chuksang, one of the five villages in Nepal where Seke is spoken and that is known for its apples. |
| The remaining Seke speakers live in another building in Flatbush or are scattered across Queens. | The remaining Seke speakers live in another building in Flatbush or are scattered across Queens. |
| Seke is one of 637 languages and dialects that the Endangered Language Alliance has identified as being spoken across the five boroughs of New York and in New Jersey, which also has a diverse, global population. | Seke is one of 637 languages and dialects that the Endangered Language Alliance has identified as being spoken across the five boroughs of New York and in New Jersey, which also has a diverse, global population. |
| The Endangered Language Alliance considers a language in peril when there are fewer than 10,000 speakers worldwide. Aside from Seke, other languages in New York that fit that criterion include Vlashki, of Croatian origin, and several Jewish Neo-Aramaic languages, which come from Iran and Iraq. | The Endangered Language Alliance considers a language in peril when there are fewer than 10,000 speakers worldwide. Aside from Seke, other languages in New York that fit that criterion include Vlashki, of Croatian origin, and several Jewish Neo-Aramaic languages, which come from Iran and Iraq. |
| Another language, Wakhi, from eastern Iran as well as parts of Pakistan, China, Tajikistan and Afghanistan, is believed to be spoken by less than a handful of people in New York, according to the language alliance. | Another language, Wakhi, from eastern Iran as well as parts of Pakistan, China, Tajikistan and Afghanistan, is believed to be spoken by less than a handful of people in New York, according to the language alliance. |
| One speaker, Husniya Khujamyorova, 31, who works as a linguist at the organization, is writing children’s books in Wakhi in the hopes of passing down the language, which is spoken by about 40,000 people worldwide. “People like me, they move at an early age from their country,” Ms. Khujamyorova said. “There is not enough material to pass their language to the new generation.” | One speaker, Husniya Khujamyorova, 31, who works as a linguist at the organization, is writing children’s books in Wakhi in the hopes of passing down the language, which is spoken by about 40,000 people worldwide. “People like me, they move at an early age from their country,” Ms. Khujamyorova said. “There is not enough material to pass their language to the new generation.” |
| Even if a language is spoken by only a few people, language experts say it still plays a vital role. | Even if a language is spoken by only a few people, language experts say it still plays a vital role. |
| “It’s absolutely invaluable to document, analyze, understand and maintain the linguistic diversity of the planet,” said Ross Perlin, a director of the language alliance and an adjunct professor of linguistics at Columbia University. “But we also see it as a matter of justice — languages are not dying a natural death. They’re disappearing because people have been marginalized and pressured and made to feel bad to speak their language, or they’re swamped by a dominant language.” | “It’s absolutely invaluable to document, analyze, understand and maintain the linguistic diversity of the planet,” said Ross Perlin, a director of the language alliance and an adjunct professor of linguistics at Columbia University. “But we also see it as a matter of justice — languages are not dying a natural death. They’re disappearing because people have been marginalized and pressured and made to feel bad to speak their language, or they’re swamped by a dominant language.” |
| “Just like diversity with the environment, language loss represents an immense tragedy for the world,” he added. | “Just like diversity with the environment, language loss represents an immense tragedy for the world,” he added. |
| As for Seke, which means “golden language,” legend has it that it was passed down from people living in the snowy peaks of the Himalayas who settled in Mustang, a former kingdom whose terrain was formed, so the story goes, from the heart and innards of a demon defeated in battle by a Buddhist monk. | As for Seke, which means “golden language,” legend has it that it was passed down from people living in the snowy peaks of the Himalayas who settled in Mustang, a former kingdom whose terrain was formed, so the story goes, from the heart and innards of a demon defeated in battle by a Buddhist monk. |
| The apartment building in Flatbush where a number of Seke speakers now live is a microcosm of life back home and a bastion of the language. | The apartment building in Flatbush where a number of Seke speakers now live is a microcosm of life back home and a bastion of the language. |
| Many of them were former apple growers who left after harsher winters and erratic precipitation related to climate change made it increasingly difficult to earn a living. In New York, they mostly work as manicurists, construction workers and cooks. | Many of them were former apple growers who left after harsher winters and erratic precipitation related to climate change made it increasingly difficult to earn a living. In New York, they mostly work as manicurists, construction workers and cooks. |
| Inside their apartments, it looks as though their former homes had been transported virtually undisturbed from thousands of miles away. | Inside their apartments, it looks as though their former homes had been transported virtually undisturbed from thousands of miles away. |
| Nyaka Gurung, Ms. Gurung’s uncle, has built low, wooden rectangular seats along the walls, covered with rugs, a common setup in Nepalese living rooms. Scrolls of Tibetan deities hang on one wall. | Nyaka Gurung, Ms. Gurung’s uncle, has built low, wooden rectangular seats along the walls, covered with rugs, a common setup in Nepalese living rooms. Scrolls of Tibetan deities hang on one wall. |
| On a recent visit, offerings were laid out under a framed photo of the Dalai Lama that hung above a large plasma television. A thermos used to serve hot butter tea, the national drink of Nepal, stood on a table nearby, and the smoky fragrance of chumin, a Tibetan incense, blended with the smell of Indian spices from the kitchen. | On a recent visit, offerings were laid out under a framed photo of the Dalai Lama that hung above a large plasma television. A thermos used to serve hot butter tea, the national drink of Nepal, stood on a table nearby, and the smoky fragrance of chumin, a Tibetan incense, blended with the smell of Indian spices from the kitchen. |
| Ms. Gurung, who is a nurse, has taken it upon herself to be the de facto preserver of Seke, a language she says many young Nepalese are losing touch with. Children in Nepal are often sent to schools in cities like Kathmandu and Pokhara, where Nepali is predominant. | Ms. Gurung, who is a nurse, has taken it upon herself to be the de facto preserver of Seke, a language she says many young Nepalese are losing touch with. Children in Nepal are often sent to schools in cities like Kathmandu and Pokhara, where Nepali is predominant. |
| And Nepalese television is often flooded with Bollywood movies, so many Nepalese absorb Hindi as well. (In addition to English and Seke, Ms. Gurung speaks Nepali and Hindi fluently.) | And Nepalese television is often flooded with Bollywood movies, so many Nepalese absorb Hindi as well. (In addition to English and Seke, Ms. Gurung speaks Nepali and Hindi fluently.) |
| In New York, young Nepalese, like Ms. Gurung’s cousins, speak very little Seke. She says she is the most fluent speaker among the diaspora’s younger members and has been helping the Endangered Language Alliance compile a Seke-English dictionary. | In New York, young Nepalese, like Ms. Gurung’s cousins, speak very little Seke. She says she is the most fluent speaker among the diaspora’s younger members and has been helping the Endangered Language Alliance compile a Seke-English dictionary. |
| “It’s hard, because there are so many words you don’t think about in your everyday life — like the word ‘soul.’ Who thinks about the soul? I had to ask my uncle,” she said. “I’m the youngest person holding Seke together. That’s why I feel so much pressure. I need to get as much knowledge as possible. And fast.” | “It’s hard, because there are so many words you don’t think about in your everyday life — like the word ‘soul.’ Who thinks about the soul? I had to ask my uncle,” she said. “I’m the youngest person holding Seke together. That’s why I feel so much pressure. I need to get as much knowledge as possible. And fast.” |
| Mr. Gurung expressed both alarm and resignation about how quickly the tongue of his forebears is vanishing. “It’s scary,” he said, as he fingered a Tibetan rosary. “Seke is just going to be a story that you tell your kids: ‘Oh, there was once something called Seke.’” | Mr. Gurung expressed both alarm and resignation about how quickly the tongue of his forebears is vanishing. “It’s scary,” he said, as he fingered a Tibetan rosary. “Seke is just going to be a story that you tell your kids: ‘Oh, there was once something called Seke.’” |
| Ms. Gurung interjected. “Nepali is the invader,” she said, though adding after some reflection: “But it’s not their fault. We give power to a language because we use it. If we were vigilant, we’d say, ‘No, I’m going to speak Seke.’ But we gave in to the influence.” | Ms. Gurung interjected. “Nepali is the invader,” she said, though adding after some reflection: “But it’s not their fault. We give power to a language because we use it. If we were vigilant, we’d say, ‘No, I’m going to speak Seke.’ But we gave in to the influence.” |
| Nawang Gurung, a New York-based translator who is archiving languages in the Himalayas, said over 100 Tibeto-Burman languages were spoken in the Himalayas, but they are not recognized by the Nepalese government and there have been few efforts to teach indigenous languages in schools. | Nawang Gurung, a New York-based translator who is archiving languages in the Himalayas, said over 100 Tibeto-Burman languages were spoken in the Himalayas, but they are not recognized by the Nepalese government and there have been few efforts to teach indigenous languages in schools. |
| “It’s language suicide,” said Mr. Gurung, who is not related to the other Gurungs and does not live in the Flatbush building. The Himalayas are being “colonized by the national language, and this kind of dialect becomes invisible.” | “It’s language suicide,” said Mr. Gurung, who is not related to the other Gurungs and does not live in the Flatbush building. The Himalayas are being “colonized by the national language, and this kind of dialect becomes invisible.” |
| Nepal is currently led by the Nepal Communist Party and the government has cracked down on opponents, setting off a recent exodus to New York. Nepal became a republic in 2008, ending a decade-long civil war and a 240-year-old monarchy. That same year, Mustang, which had its own separate royal family, gave up its king. | |
| Other factors are also causing Seke’s demise, said Mr. Gurung, the translator. In New York, native speakers tend to work long hours with little time to teach their children — and there are no cultural or language centers. | Other factors are also causing Seke’s demise, said Mr. Gurung, the translator. In New York, native speakers tend to work long hours with little time to teach their children — and there are no cultural or language centers. |
| There is also no real demand for Seke. Younger Seke speakers prefer learning far more common languages like Spanish or Mandarin. “They say, ‘What’s the purpose of learning the language when there is no use for it in the future?’” Mr. Gurung said. | There is also no real demand for Seke. Younger Seke speakers prefer learning far more common languages like Spanish or Mandarin. “They say, ‘What’s the purpose of learning the language when there is no use for it in the future?’” Mr. Gurung said. |
| Instead, a new dialect called Ramaluk is developing among the Nepalese diaspora, Mr. Gurung said, which borrows and mixes words from English, Nepali, Hindi and some Seke. “It’s a new language,” he said. | Instead, a new dialect called Ramaluk is developing among the Nepalese diaspora, Mr. Gurung said, which borrows and mixes words from English, Nepali, Hindi and some Seke. “It’s a new language,” he said. |
| In a recent YouTube video posted by the Endangered Language Alliance, Jamyang Gurung, who has lived in the United States for 17 years, said he now stumbles when he speaks Seke. “I have all the dialects mixed up,” he said, adding that his son does not speak any Seke. “After 10 years or after my generation, our language will vanish.” | In a recent YouTube video posted by the Endangered Language Alliance, Jamyang Gurung, who has lived in the United States for 17 years, said he now stumbles when he speaks Seke. “I have all the dialects mixed up,” he said, adding that his son does not speak any Seke. “After 10 years or after my generation, our language will vanish.” |
| Still, Mr. Gurung, the translator, was somewhat hopeful that Seke speakers in New York could help preserve the language, even if only for a little longer, because they were crowded together. “Back home, it takes two days by horse-ride and long hours of walking to reach a village,” he said. “Over here, it just takes two stops on the subway.” | Still, Mr. Gurung, the translator, was somewhat hopeful that Seke speakers in New York could help preserve the language, even if only for a little longer, because they were crowded together. “Back home, it takes two days by horse-ride and long hours of walking to reach a village,” he said. “Over here, it just takes two stops on the subway.” |
| Kwame Opam contributed reporting. | Kwame Opam contributed reporting. |