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| Weighing Syria Strike, U.S. Braces for Retaliation Beyond the Battlefield | Weighing Syria Strike, U.S. Braces for Retaliation Beyond the Battlefield |
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| WASHINGTON — As President Trump weighed an airstrike against Syria, American officials braced on Friday for the prospect of retaliation by its patrons Russia or Iran that could range beyond the physical battlefield and escalate with a counterattack on civilian or military cybersystems in the West. | |
| Despite Mr. Trump’s vow to act quickly, the consequences of a strike to punish Syria for a suspected chemical weapons attack have slowed his administration’s response and consumed officials meeting at the Pentagon, in the White House Situation Room and at Fort Meade, Md., where United States Cyber Command is situated. | Despite Mr. Trump’s vow to act quickly, the consequences of a strike to punish Syria for a suspected chemical weapons attack have slowed his administration’s response and consumed officials meeting at the Pentagon, in the White House Situation Room and at Fort Meade, Md., where United States Cyber Command is situated. |
| American officials doubted that Russia or Iran would counterattack directly against United States forces in the region. But they focused on the prospect of an asymmetric retaliation that would rely on Moscow and Tehran’s formidable cybercapabilities — one that would be harder for Washington to prepare for, or defend against. | American officials doubted that Russia or Iran would counterattack directly against United States forces in the region. But they focused on the prospect of an asymmetric retaliation that would rely on Moscow and Tehran’s formidable cybercapabilities — one that would be harder for Washington to prepare for, or defend against. |
| There was no immediate intelligence that such an attack was being planned. It was also uncertain how much either Russia or Iran would take the risk of both escalating and widening the crisis in Syria with a cybercounterattack on the West. | There was no immediate intelligence that such an attack was being planned. It was also uncertain how much either Russia or Iran would take the risk of both escalating and widening the crisis in Syria with a cybercounterattack on the West. |
| But American officials said they were girding to respond to a range of possible acts of retaliation — including an online strike that could block communications to United States troops in combat zones. | But American officials said they were girding to respond to a range of possible acts of retaliation — including an online strike that could block communications to United States troops in combat zones. |
| The possible ramifications after a strike on Syria are among the concerns that Defense Secretary Jim Mattis has raised this week during national security meetings. It remained unclear whether he had been satisfied by continued planning, but he slowed a decision that Mr. Trump had initially promised on Monday would come in 24 to 48 hours. | The possible ramifications after a strike on Syria are among the concerns that Defense Secretary Jim Mattis has raised this week during national security meetings. It remained unclear whether he had been satisfied by continued planning, but he slowed a decision that Mr. Trump had initially promised on Monday would come in 24 to 48 hours. |
| Mr. Mattis’s caution, however, did not mean that Mr. Trump would back off from a strike at some point. Given his Twitter messages vowing to fire missiles at Syria, administration officials said they were in a situation that made it politically difficult — if not impossible — to stand down. | Mr. Mattis’s caution, however, did not mean that Mr. Trump would back off from a strike at some point. Given his Twitter messages vowing to fire missiles at Syria, administration officials said they were in a situation that made it politically difficult — if not impossible — to stand down. |
| A missile strike similar to one Mr. Trump ordered last year would be criticized as inadequate. Yet a more robust attack would increase the risk of a clash with Russia or Iran. | A missile strike similar to one Mr. Trump ordered last year would be criticized as inadequate. Yet a more robust attack would increase the risk of a clash with Russia or Iran. |
| Sarah Huckabee Sanders, the White House press secretary, said all options remained on the table. She rejected Russian denials that Syria was behind the suspected chemical attack over the weekend in the Damascus suburb of Douma that the United States has blamed on the government of President Bashar al-Assad. | Sarah Huckabee Sanders, the White House press secretary, said all options remained on the table. She rejected Russian denials that Syria was behind the suspected chemical attack over the weekend in the Damascus suburb of Douma that the United States has blamed on the government of President Bashar al-Assad. |
| “We’re again confident that both Syria had responsibility in this chemical weapons attack, but we also hold Russia responsible for their failure to stop chemical weapons attacks from taking place,” she said. | “We’re again confident that both Syria had responsibility in this chemical weapons attack, but we also hold Russia responsible for their failure to stop chemical weapons attacks from taking place,” she said. |
| Planning for a strike, in tandem with France and Britain, progressed as the United States pressed its indictment against Syria for using gas to kill civilians throughout the long-running civil war. | Planning for a strike, in tandem with France and Britain, progressed as the United States pressed its indictment against Syria for using gas to kill civilians throughout the long-running civil war. |
| At the United Nations, the American ambassador, Nikki R. Haley, accused Syria of using banned chemical arms at least 50 times since the civil war began seven years ago, substantially higher than previous official estimates. | At the United Nations, the American ambassador, Nikki R. Haley, accused Syria of using banned chemical arms at least 50 times since the civil war began seven years ago, substantially higher than previous official estimates. |
| “Let’s be clear: Assad’s most recent use of poison gas against the people of Douma was not his first, second, third, or even 49th use of chemical weapons,” Ms. Haley said. “The United States estimates that Assad has used chemical weapons in the Syrian war at least 50 times. Public estimates are as high as 200.” | “Let’s be clear: Assad’s most recent use of poison gas against the people of Douma was not his first, second, third, or even 49th use of chemical weapons,” Ms. Haley said. “The United States estimates that Assad has used chemical weapons in the Syrian war at least 50 times. Public estimates are as high as 200.” |
| The accusation came during a vitriolic exchange between Ms. Haley and the Russian ambassador to the United Nations at a Friday meeting of the Security Council. Using chemical weapons is a war crime and the Syrian government is not the only actor in the war that has been accused of doing so. | The accusation came during a vitriolic exchange between Ms. Haley and the Russian ambassador to the United Nations at a Friday meeting of the Security Council. Using chemical weapons is a war crime and the Syrian government is not the only actor in the war that has been accused of doing so. |
| “Our president has not yet made a decision about possible action in Syria,” Ms. Haley told the council. “But should the United States and our allies decide to act in Syria, it will be in defense of a principle on which we all agree.” | “Our president has not yet made a decision about possible action in Syria,” Ms. Haley told the council. “But should the United States and our allies decide to act in Syria, it will be in defense of a principle on which we all agree.” |
| The Russian ambassador, Vasily A. Nebenzya, accused the United States and its allies of reckless warmongering. Mr. Nebenzya said that there was no confirmed evidence that chemical weapons had been used in Douma and that the United States and its allies had “demonstrated they have no interest in an investigation.” | The Russian ambassador, Vasily A. Nebenzya, accused the United States and its allies of reckless warmongering. Mr. Nebenzya said that there was no confirmed evidence that chemical weapons had been used in Douma and that the United States and its allies had “demonstrated they have no interest in an investigation.” |
| International chemical weapons inspectors have been sent to Syria to conduct an inquiry. | International chemical weapons inspectors have been sent to Syria to conduct an inquiry. |
| Mr. Trump’s threats of a strike on Mr. Assad’s forces, Mr. Nebenzya said, were “unworthy of a permanent member of the Security Council.” | Mr. Trump’s threats of a strike on Mr. Assad’s forces, Mr. Nebenzya said, were “unworthy of a permanent member of the Security Council.” |
| Ms. Haley said she was incredulous at Mr. Nebenzya’s defense of the Syrian government and his overall portrayal of events. “I’m in awe of how you say what you say with a straight face,” she told him. | Ms. Haley said she was incredulous at Mr. Nebenzya’s defense of the Syrian government and his overall portrayal of events. “I’m in awe of how you say what you say with a straight face,” she told him. |
| For all that, Russia loomed large in the discussions back in Washington about how to proceed. During an American military video conference call, several officials expressed concern about the possible Russian reaction to a strike on Syrian facilities, particularly in light of Moscow’s threats to shoot down incoming missiles. | For all that, Russia loomed large in the discussions back in Washington about how to proceed. During an American military video conference call, several officials expressed concern about the possible Russian reaction to a strike on Syrian facilities, particularly in light of Moscow’s threats to shoot down incoming missiles. |
| During the call, military officials said that it was imperative to take steps to protect American naval destroyers from Russian counterattacks. The Donald Cook is in the Mediterranean and the Porter is heading to the region. Both destroyers could take part in a strike by launching Tomahawk cruise missiles. | During the call, military officials said that it was imperative to take steps to protect American naval destroyers from Russian counterattacks. The Donald Cook is in the Mediterranean and the Porter is heading to the region. Both destroyers could take part in a strike by launching Tomahawk cruise missiles. |
| But a potential online strike loomed as a possibility — and a way for Russia and Iran to sidestep a direct confrontation with the United States military. | But a potential online strike loomed as a possibility — and a way for Russia and Iran to sidestep a direct confrontation with the United States military. |
| Just weeks ago, the Department of Homeland Security identified Russia as the source of malware “implants” in the American electric grid and released samples of code to utilities to help them clean out their systems. The warning accused Russia of mounting a series of intrusions against American and European nuclear power plants and water and electric systems, in what analysts interpreted as a move to test Moscow’s capacity. | Just weeks ago, the Department of Homeland Security identified Russia as the source of malware “implants” in the American electric grid and released samples of code to utilities to help them clean out their systems. The warning accused Russia of mounting a series of intrusions against American and European nuclear power plants and water and electric systems, in what analysts interpreted as a move to test Moscow’s capacity. |
| Iran hit American banks with a major denial of service attack nearly six years ago, and tried — unsuccessfully — to manipulate a dam in Westchester County, N.Y. Iran is among the most sophisticated midsize powers in using cyberweapons, skills that the country has invested in heavily since the United States and Israel conducted a crippling online attack on its nuclear enrichment sites. | Iran hit American banks with a major denial of service attack nearly six years ago, and tried — unsuccessfully — to manipulate a dam in Westchester County, N.Y. Iran is among the most sophisticated midsize powers in using cyberweapons, skills that the country has invested in heavily since the United States and Israel conducted a crippling online attack on its nuclear enrichment sites. |
| As he has prepared the military for retaliation, Mr. Mattis has also warned of a potential propaganda counterattack by Syria, Russia and Iran after a Western strike. Defense Department officials have underscored the need to show the world convincing evidence that Mr. Assad’s government indeed initiated a chemical attack in Douma. | As he has prepared the military for retaliation, Mr. Mattis has also warned of a potential propaganda counterattack by Syria, Russia and Iran after a Western strike. Defense Department officials have underscored the need to show the world convincing evidence that Mr. Assad’s government indeed initiated a chemical attack in Douma. |
| Russian troops and mercenaries are deployed to Syria; Iranian forces and militias are also in the country, and could retaliate against the thousands of American troops in Syria and Iraq. United States personnel in Erbil, a Kurdish city in northern Iraq, for instance, are readying for a potential Iranian attack on their forces there, according to an American official. | Russian troops and mercenaries are deployed to Syria; Iranian forces and militias are also in the country, and could retaliate against the thousands of American troops in Syria and Iraq. United States personnel in Erbil, a Kurdish city in northern Iraq, for instance, are readying for a potential Iranian attack on their forces there, according to an American official. |
| Syria has already moved some of its aircraft to a Russian base in hopes of deterring Americans from attacking there — and, in turn, igniting aggressions between the two Cold War powers. | Syria has already moved some of its aircraft to a Russian base in hopes of deterring Americans from attacking there — and, in turn, igniting aggressions between the two Cold War powers. |
| Senator Lindsey Graham, Republican of South Carolina, said he was concerned that the military leadership was being too cautious. “I’m worried whether or not we have the right generals with the right mind-set,” he said on Fox News Radio. | Senator Lindsey Graham, Republican of South Carolina, said he was concerned that the military leadership was being too cautious. “I’m worried whether or not we have the right generals with the right mind-set,” he said on Fox News Radio. |
| “If our military leaders are listening to Putin and we back off because Putin threatens to retaliate, that is a disaster for us throughout the world,” he added. “You can’t let one dictator tell you what to do about another who has crossed two red lines.” | “If our military leaders are listening to Putin and we back off because Putin threatens to retaliate, that is a disaster for us throughout the world,” he added. “You can’t let one dictator tell you what to do about another who has crossed two red lines.” |