First Minister Alex Salmond said he was trying to drive at "underlying social problems" in Scottish society such as alcohol abuse.
Mr Salmond also restated his commitment to replacing the council tax with a local income tax.
Acting Scottish Labour leader Cathy Jamieson said: "The SNP's programme for government needs to address the fact that the increase in health spending in Scotland has fallen behind the rest of the UK.
"It needs to set out measures to ensure that new schools are built, that probationary teachers are not left without jobs and there is action to ensure that class sizes start to fall rather than grow as they are now in many parts of Scotland."
Ms Jamieson added: "Alex Salmond needs to ensure that social justice is at the top of his agenda rather than the cuts to voluntary sector, the cuts in local services and the lack of progress on police numbers that has marked his first year in charge."
Scottish Liberal Democrat leader Tavish Scott said Scottish ministers had spent too much time blaming the UK Government for the current economic downturn, when they could have taken action themselves.
"The legislative programme is an opportunity for the SNP to turn over a new leaf and propose action that will tackle the real issues for the people of Scotland," he added.