'Too poor to vote: how Alabama’s ‘new poll tax’ bars thousands of people from voting' diff viewer (2/3)

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Too poor to vote: how Alabama’s ‘new poll tax’ bars thousands of people from voting	Too poor to vote: how Alabama’s ‘new poll tax’ bars thousands of people from voting
2018-02-23 21:40:25 UTC	2018-10-07 18:20:36 UTC (8 months later)
Randi Lynn Williams assumes she will never be able to afford to vote again.	Randi Lynn Williams assumes she will never be able to afford to vote again.
The 38-year-old resident of Dothan, Alabama, lost her right to vote in 2008, when she was convicted of fraudulent use of a credit card. She was on probation for over two years, then served a few months behind bars ending in early 2011, at which point she would have been eligible to vote in most states.	The 38-year-old resident of Dothan, Alabama, lost her right to vote in 2008, when she was convicted of fraudulent use of a credit card. She was on probation for over two years, then served a few months behind bars ending in early 2011, at which point she would have been eligible to vote in most states.
In Maine and Vermont, she would have never lost that right in the first place. But in Alabama and eight other states from Nevada to Tennessee, anyone who has lost the franchise cannot regain it until they pay off any outstanding court fines, legal fees and victim restitution.	In Maine and Vermont, she would have never lost that right in the first place. But in Alabama and eight other states from Nevada to Tennessee, anyone who has lost the franchise cannot regain it until they pay off any outstanding court fines, legal fees and victim restitution.
In Alabama, that requirement has fostered an underclass of thousands of people who are unable to vote because they do not have enough money.	In Alabama, that requirement has fostered an underclass of thousands of people who are unable to vote because they do not have enough money.
For folks like Williams, who said she regularly voted before her conviction in 2008, poverty is the only remaining obstacle to participation in the electoral process.	For folks like Williams, who said she regularly voted before her conviction in 2008, poverty is the only remaining obstacle to participation in the electoral process.
“When all this started, the county told me I lost my right to vote and I don’t get my vote back until I pay all my fines and costs and get off probation and all that,” she said.	“When all this started, the county told me I lost my right to vote and I don’t get my vote back until I pay all my fines and costs and get off probation and all that,” she said.
‘Poll tax in extreme’	‘Poll tax in extreme’
Alabama’s felon disenfranchisement policies are probably unconstitutional, and they have disparate impacts on felons who are poor, black, or both, according to experts.	Alabama’s felon disenfranchisement policies are probably unconstitutional, and they have disparate impacts on felons who are poor, black, or both, according to experts.
In 1964, the 24th amendment abolished the poll tax, but to this day in Alabama, money keeps thousands of people away from the ballot box. According to the Sentencing Project, a Washington DC-based criminal justice reform non-profit, there are 286,266 disenfranchised felons in Alabama, or 7.62% of the state’s voting-age population.	In 1964, the 24th amendment abolished the poll tax, but to this day in Alabama, money keeps thousands of people away from the ballot box. According to the Sentencing Project, a Washington DC-based criminal justice reform non-profit, there are 286,266 disenfranchised felons in Alabama, or 7.62% of the state’s voting-age population.
More than half of those disenfranchised felons are black, despite the fact that African Americans made up only 26.8% of the state’s population as of July 2016, according to a US census estimate.	More than half of those disenfranchised felons are black, despite the fact that African Americans made up only 26.8% of the state’s population as of July 2016, according to a US census estimate.
A new state law has cleared the way for people convicted of certain felonies to eventually regain the right to vote. But before that can happen, anyone who has lost the franchise in Alabama for any reason must first fulfill any financial obligations to the state and to their victims, according to the Alabama secretary of state, John Merrill.	A new state law has cleared the way for people convicted of certain felonies to eventually regain the right to vote. But before that can happen, anyone who has lost the franchise in Alabama for any reason must first fulfill any financial obligations to the state and to their victims, according to the Alabama secretary of state, John Merrill.
“In order for you to have your voting rights restored, you have to make sure all your fines and restitution have been paid,” Merrill said in a phone interview last month.	“In order for you to have your voting rights restored, you have to make sure all your fines and restitution have been paid,” Merrill said in a phone interview last month.
Researchers with the University of Pennsylvania and Harvard and Yale universities crunched reams of Alabama court records and data from the past two decades for a study published in June in the Journal of Legal Studies.	Researchers with the University of Pennsylvania and Harvard and Yale universities crunched reams of Alabama court records and data from the past two decades for a study published in June in the Journal of Legal Studies.
The research paper states that “a majority of all ex-felons in Alabama – white, black, or otherwise – cannot vote because of a debt they owe to the state.”	The research paper states that “a majority of all ex-felons in Alabama – white, black, or otherwise – cannot vote because of a debt they owe to the state.”
Scott Douglas, executive director of Greater Birmingham Ministries, said such widespread disenfranchisement amounts to “the poll tax in extreme”, and that it has a detrimental impact on the democratic process in Alabama.	Scott Douglas, executive director of Greater Birmingham Ministries, said such widespread disenfranchisement amounts to “the poll tax in extreme”, and that it has a detrimental impact on the democratic process in Alabama.
“I think it’s absolutely horrific. It’s a financial burden to voting, and once again, against people who are least able to pay it. It’s like a poll tax. It’s a barrier to voting. It’s a voting suppression tactic,” he said.	“I think it’s absolutely horrific. It’s a financial burden to voting, and once again, against people who are least able to pay it. It’s like a poll tax. It’s a barrier to voting. It’s a voting suppression tactic,” he said.
“Rich people can buy the right to vote. Poor people can’t.”	“Rich people can buy the right to vote. Poor people can’t.”
Saddled with debt	Saddled with debt
As a disabled recovering drug addict, Williams’s only source of income is the $772 she gets each month from social security. She has never been charged with a violent crime.	As a disabled recovering drug addict, Williams’s only source of income is the $772 she gets each month from social security. She has never been charged with a violent crime.
Yet Williams was saddled with fines, fees and restitutions – debts known as legal financial obligations – totaling more than $11,500 as a result of her 2011 credit card fraud conviction.	Yet Williams was saddled with fines, fees and restitutions – debts known as legal financial obligations – totaling more than $11,500 as a result of her 2011 credit card fraud conviction.
Only about $4,600 of that obligation is restitution to the victim of her crime; the rest is made up of various fines and fees, as well as interest assessed for not paying quickly enough.	Only about $4,600 of that obligation is restitution to the victim of her crime; the rest is made up of various fines and fees, as well as interest assessed for not paying quickly enough.
Six years later, Williams – a white woman who owes thousands more in connection with multiple other non-violent felony convictions over the past two decades – still owes more than $9,000 for the 2011 conviction alone.	Six years later, Williams – a white woman who owes thousands more in connection with multiple other non-violent felony convictions over the past two decades – still owes more than $9,000 for the 2011 conviction alone.
Such financial barriers amount to “an unconstitutional poll tax that discriminates against individuals on the basis of wealth”, according to Randall Marshall, executive director of the American Civil Liberties Union of Alabama.	Such financial barriers amount to “an unconstitutional poll tax that discriminates against individuals on the basis of wealth”, according to Randall Marshall, executive director of the American Civil Liberties Union of Alabama.
“Denying returning citizens their fundamental right to vote because they are too poor to afford fines and costs unnecessarily excludes them from the democratic process and impedes their rehabilitation,” Marshall said via email.	“Denying returning citizens their fundamental right to vote because they are too poor to afford fines and costs unnecessarily excludes them from the democratic process and impedes their rehabilitation,” Marshall said via email.
“The right to go to the polls and vote should never ever be dependent on one’s financial status.”	“The right to go to the polls and vote should never ever be dependent on one’s financial status.”
Williams said that she struggles to make monthly payments on her legal financial obligations and that she does not believe she will ever be able to pay them off in full.	Williams said that she struggles to make monthly payments on her legal financial obligations and that she does not believe she will ever be able to pay them off in full.
“They won’t let you let go of your past,” she said. “They tell you don’t let your past define who you are. Well, how are we not going to let our past define who we are if you keep bringing it up to us?”	“They won’t let you let go of your past,” she said. “They tell you don’t let your past define who you are. Well, how are we not going to let our past define who we are if you keep bringing it up to us?”
‘Moral turpitude’	‘Moral turpitude’
In May, Governor Kay Ivey signed a law called the Definition of Moral Turpitude Act that advocates hoped would lead to large numbers of felons across the state becoming eligible to restore their right to vote. The law, which went into effect in August, created a list of “crimes of moral turpitude” – felonies that result in the automatic disenfranchisement of anyone who is convicted of one.	In May, Governor Kay Ivey signed a law called the Definition of Moral Turpitude Act that advocates hoped would lead to large numbers of felons across the state becoming eligible to restore their right to vote. The law, which went into effect in August, created a list of “crimes of moral turpitude” – felonies that result in the automatic disenfranchisement of anyone who is convicted of one.
Before the law was passed, determinations of what crimes were considered “of moral turpitude” were made on a case-by-case basis by individual counties’ boards of registrars. That approach resulted in wide disparities in who lost the vote between different counties.	Before the law was passed, determinations of what crimes were considered “of moral turpitude” were made on a case-by-case basis by individual counties’ boards of registrars. That approach resulted in wide disparities in who lost the vote between different counties.
The Definition of Moral Turpitude Act eliminated that slapdash system, and consequently, many felons who had previously lost the right to vote were deemed to have committed crimes minor enough that they should not result in that consequence.	The Definition of Moral Turpitude Act eliminated that slapdash system, and consequently, many felons who had previously lost the right to vote were deemed to have committed crimes minor enough that they should not result in that consequence.
But the policy requiring them to first pay off any fees, fines and restitution has resulted in a sizeable population of Alabama felons who have not committed crimes that would have resulted in them losing the franchise under the new law, yet they remain unable to restore their voting rights solely because of their financial situation.	But the policy requiring them to first pay off any fees, fines and restitution has resulted in a sizeable population of Alabama felons who have not committed crimes that would have resulted in them losing the franchise under the new law, yet they remain unable to restore their voting rights solely because of their financial situation.
Tari Williams, organizing director at Greater Birmingham Ministries, works with felons from across the state to try to help them restore their voting rights. She said that she has encountered “a number of people” who have only ever been convicted of crimes not considered “of moral turpitude” under the new law, but who are barred from regaining the right to vote because they have outstanding legal financial obligations.	Tari Williams, organizing director at Greater Birmingham Ministries, works with felons from across the state to try to help them restore their voting rights. She said that she has encountered “a number of people” who have only ever been convicted of crimes not considered “of moral turpitude” under the new law, but who are barred from regaining the right to vote because they have outstanding legal financial obligations.
“They are saying your rights shouldn’t have been taken in the first place, but now in order to get your right to vote back you first have to pay your fees and fines off,” she said.	“They are saying your rights shouldn’t have been taken in the first place, but now in order to get your right to vote back you first have to pay your fees and fines off,” she said.
“That’s not fair at all because the person shouldn’t have been in that situation in the first place.”	“That’s not fair at all because the person shouldn’t have been in that situation in the first place.”
The indigency quandary	The indigency quandary
In 1970, the US supreme court ruled in Williams v Illinois that courts must take a defendant’s ability to pay – whether or not the defendant is “indigent” – into account when imposing punishment for non-payment of fines.	In 1970, the US supreme court ruled in Williams v Illinois that courts must take a defendant’s ability to pay – whether or not the defendant is “indigent” – into account when imposing punishment for non-payment of fines.
And the Alabama rules of criminal procedure say that when courts in the state decide whether or not to impose a fine in a criminal case, they should consider “the financial resources and obligations of the defendant and the burden that fine will impose” and “the ability of the defendant to pay a fine”.	And the Alabama rules of criminal procedure say that when courts in the state decide whether or not to impose a fine in a criminal case, they should consider “the financial resources and obligations of the defendant and the burden that fine will impose” and “the ability of the defendant to pay a fine”.