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| Version 1 | Version 2 |
|---|---|
| How Pearl Harbor Shaped the Modern World | How Pearl Harbor Shaped the Modern World |
| (35 minutes later) | |
| Seventy-five years ago on Dec. 7, shortly before 8 a.m., hundreds of Japanese aircraft dove from the sky in a surprise bombing attack on a United States naval base in Hawaii, killing more than 2,400 Americans. | Seventy-five years ago on Dec. 7, shortly before 8 a.m., hundreds of Japanese aircraft dove from the sky in a surprise bombing attack on a United States naval base in Hawaii, killing more than 2,400 Americans. |
| The attack on Pearl Harbor shocked and outraged the nation and led it into war at a time when Congress and the American people had been split on the response to an already embattled world. | The attack on Pearl Harbor shocked and outraged the nation and led it into war at a time when Congress and the American people had been split on the response to an already embattled world. |
| News articles from Dec. 8 reflected a sudden shift in the national mood. According to New York Times articles from Dec. 9 and 10, 1941, thousands of men rushed to sign up to serve in the United States armed forces, pushing enlistment to new highs. | |
| Congressional leaders debated whether to declare war, not only on Japan but also on the Axis powers including Germany and Italy. | Congressional leaders debated whether to declare war, not only on Japan but also on the Axis powers including Germany and Italy. |
| Sam Rayburn, who became the longest-serving speaker in the history of the House, was asked that day whether Congress would support war. “I think that is one thing on which there would be unity,” he was quoted as saying in The Times. | Sam Rayburn, who became the longest-serving speaker in the history of the House, was asked that day whether Congress would support war. “I think that is one thing on which there would be unity,” he was quoted as saying in The Times. |
| President Franklin D. Roosevelt declared war on Japan on Dec. 8, and three days later, Germany declared war on the United States. | President Franklin D. Roosevelt declared war on Japan on Dec. 8, and three days later, Germany declared war on the United States. |
| World War II would see the first and only wartime nuclear strikes, after President Harry S. Truman ordered attacks on the Japanese cities of Hiroshima and Nagasaki in August 1945, killing more than 125,000 people. More than 50 million died in the war over all. | World War II would see the first and only wartime nuclear strikes, after President Harry S. Truman ordered attacks on the Japanese cities of Hiroshima and Nagasaki in August 1945, killing more than 125,000 people. More than 50 million died in the war over all. |
| Decades after Pearl Harbor, nationalist parties are on the rise in the West and East alike. With the election of Donald J. Trump as president of the United States, the British vote to exit the European Union and the onset of nationalism in Hungary, France, Austria and Greece, among other nations, experts say the world is more fractious than it has been in a long time. | Decades after Pearl Harbor, nationalist parties are on the rise in the West and East alike. With the election of Donald J. Trump as president of the United States, the British vote to exit the European Union and the onset of nationalism in Hungary, France, Austria and Greece, among other nations, experts say the world is more fractious than it has been in a long time. |
| “Seven decades after Pearl Harbor, the guilt, reflection and self-questioning that followed the Second World War have been replaced by resurgent nationalism on both sides of the globe,” Mark Leonard, the director of the European Council on Foreign Relations, said in a phone interview on Wednesday. | “Seven decades after Pearl Harbor, the guilt, reflection and self-questioning that followed the Second World War have been replaced by resurgent nationalism on both sides of the globe,” Mark Leonard, the director of the European Council on Foreign Relations, said in a phone interview on Wednesday. |
| The passage of time has also buried old enmities. President Obama became the first sitting American president to visit a memorial of the bombing in Hiroshima. This month, Prime Minister Shinzo Abe of Japan announced that he would visit Pearl Harbor with Mr. Obama during a trip on Dec. 26 and 27. He will be the first sitting Japanese leader to travel to the site of the attack. | |
| The United States’ entry into World War II led to a postwar order in which the nation and Russia emerged as dual superpowers, with Europe left to rebuild. | The United States’ entry into World War II led to a postwar order in which the nation and Russia emerged as dual superpowers, with Europe left to rebuild. |
| Today, the spread of populist movements has disrupted politics on a global scale, and some experts see parallels between the world’s mood before the Pearl Harbor attack and the current atmosphere. | Today, the spread of populist movements has disrupted politics on a global scale, and some experts see parallels between the world’s mood before the Pearl Harbor attack and the current atmosphere. |
| Stephen M. Saideman, a professor of International Affairs at Carleton University in Ottawa and an author of the 2015 book, “For Kin or Country: Xenophobia, Nationalism and War,” pointed to macroeconomic factors. | Stephen M. Saideman, a professor of International Affairs at Carleton University in Ottawa and an author of the 2015 book, “For Kin or Country: Xenophobia, Nationalism and War,” pointed to macroeconomic factors. |
| “Reactions to the Great Depression bred protectionism and authoritarianism,” he said. “The advent of Trump and of far-right populist movements around the world makes us all feel déjà vu.” | “Reactions to the Great Depression bred protectionism and authoritarianism,” he said. “The advent of Trump and of far-right populist movements around the world makes us all feel déjà vu.” |
| Mr. Trump has argued that the United States needs to protect its own interests first. He says he is willing to withdraw American forces from Asia, and to renegotiate the nation’s alliances. | Mr. Trump has argued that the United States needs to protect its own interests first. He says he is willing to withdraw American forces from Asia, and to renegotiate the nation’s alliances. |
| In June 1941, the summer before the Pearl Harbor attack, an unsigned analysis in The Times explained why many Americans were tending toward pacifism in the face of Hitler’s rise. It said one reason was the “abiding memory” of World War I, during which many Americans died. | In June 1941, the summer before the Pearl Harbor attack, an unsigned analysis in The Times explained why many Americans were tending toward pacifism in the face of Hitler’s rise. It said one reason was the “abiding memory” of World War I, during which many Americans died. |
| Today, historical memory and first-person recollections of the Second World War are fading. Only about 620,000 of the 16 million Americans who served in the war are alive, according to the Department of Veterans Affairs. | Today, historical memory and first-person recollections of the Second World War are fading. Only about 620,000 of the 16 million Americans who served in the war are alive, according to the Department of Veterans Affairs. |
| For Pearl Harbor Remembrance Day, thousands paid tribute to the veterans who fought and died, flags across the nation flew at half-staff, and segments of the armed forces held a moment of silence. |