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| Moscow Crushes an Uprising, This Time an Artistic One | Moscow Crushes an Uprising, This Time an Artistic One |
| (35 minutes later) | |
| PERM, Russia — Perm, a provincial Russian city on the western edge of Siberia, is defined these days not by what it is, but by what it was supposed to be by now and isn’t. | PERM, Russia — Perm, a provincial Russian city on the western edge of Siberia, is defined these days not by what it is, but by what it was supposed to be by now and isn’t. |
| By now it should have had a new sleek opera theater, designed by the British architect David Chipperfield, a shining contemporary art museum in a refurbished landmark building and a gallery of celebrated local wooden statues — an imposing white cube standing over the wide expanse of the Kama River. | By now it should have had a new sleek opera theater, designed by the British architect David Chipperfield, a shining contemporary art museum in a refurbished landmark building and a gallery of celebrated local wooden statues — an imposing white cube standing over the wide expanse of the Kama River. |
| The central esplanade — proudly described by locals as longer than the National Mall in Washington — should have been full of avid visitors from around Russia and beyond, taking in theater on pop-up stages and progressive street art. But none of this has happened. | The central esplanade — proudly described by locals as longer than the National Mall in Washington — should have been full of avid visitors from around Russia and beyond, taking in theater on pop-up stages and progressive street art. But none of this has happened. |
| In 2008, Perm became a laboratory for an audacious social and cultural experiment. Oleg A. Chirkunov, the regional governor at the time, decided to use art projects to try to propel the modernization of provincial life. An ambitious and forward-looking politician, Mr. Chirkunov invited Marat A. Guelman, Russia’s pre-eminent arts impresario and an occasional spin doctor for politicians, to direct the project. | In 2008, Perm became a laboratory for an audacious social and cultural experiment. Oleg A. Chirkunov, the regional governor at the time, decided to use art projects to try to propel the modernization of provincial life. An ambitious and forward-looking politician, Mr. Chirkunov invited Marat A. Guelman, Russia’s pre-eminent arts impresario and an occasional spin doctor for politicians, to direct the project. |
| “We destroyed this stereotype that there cannot be anything interesting in Russia beyond Moscow and St. Petersburg,” said Mr. Guelman, who has since left Russia for Montenegro. “Locals realized that their status had changed and began to demand more. When you have a contemporary art museum in town, people want clean roads, too.” | “We destroyed this stereotype that there cannot be anything interesting in Russia beyond Moscow and St. Petersburg,” said Mr. Guelman, who has since left Russia for Montenegro. “Locals realized that their status had changed and began to demand more. When you have a contemporary art museum in town, people want clean roads, too.” |
| By now, according to the plan laid out by Mr. Guelman, the city should have been rivaling Moscow and St. Petersburg, for centuries the only artistic centers of gravity in Russia. | By now, according to the plan laid out by Mr. Guelman, the city should have been rivaling Moscow and St. Petersburg, for centuries the only artistic centers of gravity in Russia. |
| It is not. Its brief renaissance ended in 2012, and since then Perm has lapsed into its former status as an average Russian industrial city: an utterly unglamorous mixture of charming but mostly lackluster tsarist buildings in the center and piles of gray concrete in the suburbs. | |
| Before Perm made headlines as a cultural powerhouse, it had an identity as the gateway to the gulag, a hub for political prisoners shuttled through the city on their way to camps in Siberia. In the 1950s, when that traffic slowed, Perm began to produce ballistic missiles, making it off-limits to foreigners. | Before Perm made headlines as a cultural powerhouse, it had an identity as the gateway to the gulag, a hub for political prisoners shuttled through the city on their way to camps in Siberia. In the 1950s, when that traffic slowed, Perm began to produce ballistic missiles, making it off-limits to foreigners. |
| Mr. Guelman had a grandiose vision of transforming Perm to demonstrate to Russia’s other lethargic provincial cities how they could become vibrant cultural capitals in their own right. He hoped that the project would give them a measure of independence in a country where most regions depend on Moscow and are therefore easily controlled by the Kremlin. | Mr. Guelman had a grandiose vision of transforming Perm to demonstrate to Russia’s other lethargic provincial cities how they could become vibrant cultural capitals in their own right. He hoped that the project would give them a measure of independence in a country where most regions depend on Moscow and are therefore easily controlled by the Kremlin. |
| Mr. Guelman opened PERMM, a contemporary art museum, the only one of its kind in Russia outside Moscow, and created a number of festivals that filled Perm with visitors from around the country and beyond. | Mr. Guelman opened PERMM, a contemporary art museum, the only one of its kind in Russia outside Moscow, and created a number of festivals that filled Perm with visitors from around the country and beyond. |
| The local government invited Teodor I. Currentzis, a Russian conductor of Greek origin, to lead the local opera. Today, he is one of the few artists still hanging on in Perm. | The local government invited Teodor I. Currentzis, a Russian conductor of Greek origin, to lead the local opera. Today, he is one of the few artists still hanging on in Perm. |
| “I had offers from many leading orchestras in Europe, but I chose to stay in Perm,” said Mr. Currentzis, 44, who favors tight black jeans and leather biker jackets. “The reason is that I believe in this utopian idea of promoting a ‘Plan B’ for the Russian culture.” | “I had offers from many leading orchestras in Europe, but I chose to stay in Perm,” said Mr. Currentzis, 44, who favors tight black jeans and leather biker jackets. “The reason is that I believe in this utopian idea of promoting a ‘Plan B’ for the Russian culture.” |
| But that vision was anathema to the one man whose opinion counts above all others in Russia, President Vladimir V. Putin. In 2012, shortly before Mr. Putin returned to the presidency after serving as prime minister, Moscow replaced Mr. Chirkunov with a bureaucrat, Viktor F. Basargin. | But that vision was anathema to the one man whose opinion counts above all others in Russia, President Vladimir V. Putin. In 2012, shortly before Mr. Putin returned to the presidency after serving as prime minister, Moscow replaced Mr. Chirkunov with a bureaucrat, Viktor F. Basargin. |
| Mr. Basargin quickly set about undoing most of what Mr. Guelman had accomplished. He appointed Igor A. Gladnev local culture minister, with the express order of returning Perm to its drab former self. | Mr. Basargin quickly set about undoing most of what Mr. Guelman had accomplished. He appointed Igor A. Gladnev local culture minister, with the express order of returning Perm to its drab former self. |
| In an interview, Mr. Gladnev said he was proud of his work and called elitist Western culture “a pest” that had infected his hometown. | In an interview, Mr. Gladnev said he was proud of his work and called elitist Western culture “a pest” that had infected his hometown. |
| “This pest was blossoming violently on the soil of Perm region,” said Mr. Gladnev, 55, a former actor. “No outstanding exhibits were presented and no distinguished performers emerged over this period. Nothing deep and bright was created.” | “This pest was blossoming violently on the soil of Perm region,” said Mr. Gladnev, 55, a former actor. “No outstanding exhibits were presented and no distinguished performers emerged over this period. Nothing deep and bright was created.” |
| Mr. Gladnev was so impatient for his scathing remarks to appear in print that he even published the entire interview with The New York Times on his website before this article appeared. | Mr. Gladnev was so impatient for his scathing remarks to appear in print that he even published the entire interview with The New York Times on his website before this article appeared. |
| Local cultural leaders went into shock. | Local cultural leaders went into shock. |
| Four red Lego-like figures that had been erected on Perm’s main square were among the first things to go. The “Red Men,” as the work was called, set off protest among local conservatives. Regional lawmakers refused to pass next year’s budget unless the figures were removed. | Four red Lego-like figures that had been erected on Perm’s main square were among the first things to go. The “Red Men,” as the work was called, set off protest among local conservatives. Regional lawmakers refused to pass next year’s budget unless the figures were removed. |
| A small team of workers removed the figures in the dark of night. Eight months later a shining plaque of the Order of Lenin was installed in the same spot. | A small team of workers removed the figures in the dark of night. Eight months later a shining plaque of the Order of Lenin was installed in the same spot. |
| “This swap was very symbolic, better than what an artist could imagine,” said Nailya B. Allakhverdiyeva, who curated the red people project and selected their initial habitat. “The symbol of progress was exchanged for the symbol of past.” | “This swap was very symbolic, better than what an artist could imagine,” said Nailya B. Allakhverdiyeva, who curated the red people project and selected their initial habitat. “The symbol of progress was exchanged for the symbol of past.” |
| Last month, Mr. Gladnev fired Boris L. Milgram, the director of the local theater and his predecessor as culture minister, and filled the post with an employee from the legal department. | Last month, Mr. Gladnev fired Boris L. Milgram, the director of the local theater and his predecessor as culture minister, and filled the post with an employee from the legal department. |
| “We were dreamers,” Mr. Milgram said, sitting in an office overflowing with awards and gifts, including a Golden Mask, Russia’s highest theater award. “We realized that we had this unique chance to make Perm into a place where people would want to live, but there is always this fear in Russia that creative freedom makes people too difficult to control.” | “We were dreamers,” Mr. Milgram said, sitting in an office overflowing with awards and gifts, including a Golden Mask, Russia’s highest theater award. “We realized that we had this unique chance to make Perm into a place where people would want to live, but there is always this fear in Russia that creative freedom makes people too difficult to control.” |
| The public outrage at Mr. Milgram’s dismissal was so great that Mr. Basargin, the governor, felt compelled to reinstate him. | The public outrage at Mr. Milgram’s dismissal was so great that Mr. Basargin, the governor, felt compelled to reinstate him. |
| Today, Mr. Milgram and Mr. Currentzis refuse to abandon Perm completely, though Mr. Currentzis takes time away to conduct Mozart in Salzburg, Austria, and Wagner in Germany. | Today, Mr. Milgram and Mr. Currentzis refuse to abandon Perm completely, though Mr. Currentzis takes time away to conduct Mozart in Salzburg, Austria, and Wagner in Germany. |
| “We didn’t come here for good architecture. The architecture is better in Paris than in Perm,” Mr. Currentzis said. “Why do young people leave provincial towns? We wanted to change that and we did.” | “We didn’t come here for good architecture. The architecture is better in Paris than in Perm,” Mr. Currentzis said. “Why do young people leave provincial towns? We wanted to change that and we did.” |
| Along with Mr. Milgram, Mr. Currentzis is one of the few magnets still luring visitors to Perm, among them Mr. Chirkunov, the former governor. | Along with Mr. Milgram, Mr. Currentzis is one of the few magnets still luring visitors to Perm, among them Mr. Chirkunov, the former governor. |
| “We had our mistakes, but I am proud of what we did,” said Mr. Chirkunov, who lives in France. He visits Perm now and then, especially to go to the opera, which he thinks is superior to the Opéra Bastille in Paris. | “We had our mistakes, but I am proud of what we did,” said Mr. Chirkunov, who lives in France. He visits Perm now and then, especially to go to the opera, which he thinks is superior to the Opéra Bastille in Paris. |
| “These were the best years of my life.” | “These were the best years of my life.” |