By Dan Bell BBC News Working-class identity has changed A week of BBC programmes has tried to give a voice to the white working class. So in post-industrial Britain, who are they?
By Dan Bell BBC News Working-class identity has changed A week of BBC programmes has tried to give a voice to the white working class. So in post-industrial Britain, who are they?
There was a time when you knew your place and stuck to it. You could tell someone's class from 500 paces. Now things are more complicated.
There was a time when you knew your place and stuck to it. You could tell someone's class from 500 paces. Now things are more complicated.
Everyone wears jeans and trainers, barrow boys have made millions in the Square Mile, and "mockney" has become the lingua franca for middle-class stars from Jamie Oliver to Lily Allen.
Everyone wears jeans and trainers, barrow boys have made millions in the Square Mile, and "mockney" has become the lingua franca for middle-class stars from Jamie Oliver to Lily Allen.
Yet despite all this, class still has a powerful hold on us.
Yet despite all this, class still has a powerful hold on us.
The BBC's season White that ends on Friday has explored one side of the divide, but are we any closer to understanding white working-class identity in modern Britain?
The BBC's season White that ends on Friday has explored one side of the divide, but are we any closer to understanding white working-class identity in modern Britain?
If you've ever had a roof fixed, you will know the white working-class are still out there and it's distinctive Writer Tim Lott If you were to accept the media shorthand, "white working class" could just about be summed up by football, hoodies, tabloid newspapers and Vicky Pollard.
If you've ever had a roof fixed, you will know the white working-class are still out there and it's distinctive Writer Tim Lott If you were to accept the media shorthand, "white working class" could just about be summed up by football, hoodies, tabloid newspapers and Vicky Pollard.
The white season revealed something much more complex: a culture that is conflicting, vibrant, maligned, ignored and a shadow of its former self.
The white season revealed something much more complex: a culture that is conflicting, vibrant, maligned, ignored and a shadow of its former self.
The sad reality of the latter is summed up in the first five minutes of Last Orders, a film about a struggling working men's club in Bradford that looks set to close after more than 100 years.
The sad reality of the latter is summed up in the first five minutes of Last Orders, a film about a struggling working men's club in Bradford that looks set to close after more than 100 years.
Graham Anderson, who is desperately trying to keep the doors of Wisbey Working Men's Club open, sits and stares at the passing traffic on the grey street outside.
Graham Anderson, who is desperately trying to keep the doors of Wibsey Working Men's Club open, sits and stares at the passing traffic on the grey street outside.
He murmurs to himself: "Watching the world go by and thinking, why don't you all come in here? Why do they just drive past? Well, they probably don't even know us, they don't even know we exist."
He murmurs to himself: "Watching the world go by and thinking, why don't you all come in here? Why do they just drive past? Well, they probably don't even know us, they don't even know we exist."
Factories gone
Factories gone
So where have the white working class gone?
So where have the white working class gone?
For writer Tim Lott, a greengrocer's son who made it to university via grammar school, the old expressions of working-class identity like Wisbey Working Men's Club lost their meaning with the death of the industries they were built on.
For writer Tim Lott, a greengrocer's son who made it to university via grammar school, the old expressions of working-class identity like Wisbey Working Men's Club lost their meaning with the death of the industries they were built on.
An accurate representation?"The great centres around which they organized themselves, which were industry and factories and apprenticeships, all disappeared in the 1980s," he says.
An accurate representation?"The great centres around which they organized themselves, which were industry and factories and apprenticeships, all disappeared in the 1980s," he says.
Mr Lott says the white working class have been left holding the tatters of an identity: beer and bingo. But that sense of what they are is not meaningless.
Mr Lott says the white working class have been left holding the tatters of an identity: beer and bingo. But that sense of what they are is not meaningless.
"If you've ever had a roof fixed, you will know the white working class are still out there and it's distinctive. It's as distinctive as Muslim culture."
"If you've ever had a roof fixed, you will know the white working class are still out there and it's distinctive. It's as distinctive as Muslim culture."
Swearing
Swearing
Lott rattles off a ticker tape of character traits - secular, highly individualistic, witty, cynical and smart.
Lott rattles off a ticker tape of character traits - secular, highly individualistic, witty, cynical and smart.
He adds: "The working class are very honest, they just say what they think. The middle class don't do that." But there is also bitterness and a deep distrust of education and culture.
He adds: "The working class are very honest, they just say what they think. The middle class don't do that." But there is also bitterness and a deep distrust of education and culture.
"In becoming a member of the middle classes you are going to give up something very central to who you are; I have felt that."
"In becoming a member of the middle classes you are going to give up something very central to who you are; I have felt that."
He pauses for a moment then adds: "Oh yeah, the working class swear a lot more than middle class."
He pauses for a moment then adds: "Oh yeah, the working class swear a lot more than middle class."
It is incredibly difficult to put your finger on exactly what it is that defines 'white working class' because a lot of them are shared by the middle class, such as football Denys BlakewayRivers of Blood But there is another view of this group, that they have merged with the class above.
It is incredibly difficult to put your finger on exactly what it is that defines 'white working class' because a lot of them are shared by the middle class, such as football Denys BlakewayRivers of Blood But there is another view of this group, that they have merged with the class above.
"The white working class have prospered hugely since the war," says Denys Blakeway, the writer and narrator of Rivers of Blood, another film in the series.
"The white working class have prospered hugely since the war," says Denys Blakeway, the writer and narrator of Rivers of Blood, another film in the series.
"They have experienced unparalleled growth in disposable income and today they are now richer than their parents and grandparents could ever have imagined.
"They have experienced unparalleled growth in disposable income and today they are now richer than their parents and grandparents could ever have imagined.
"There are shared values in white working-class culture but I think it is incredibly difficult to put your finger on exactly what it is that defines 'white working class' because a lot of them are shared by the middle class, such as football and the pub."
"There are shared values in white working-class culture but I think it is incredibly difficult to put your finger on exactly what it is that defines 'white working class' because a lot of them are shared by the middle class, such as football and the pub."
The marketing industry has a simple definition. If you are working class, you are a C2 - you live in household where the primary earner is a "skilled manual worker".
The marketing industry has a simple definition. If you are working class, you are a C2 - you live in household where the primary earner is a "skilled manual worker".
Lager drinkers
Lager drinkers
C2s are exactly in the middle. At the top are ABs, professionals and managers, at the bottom are the Es - people entirely dependent on benefits.
C2s are exactly in the middle. At the top are ABs, professionals and managers, at the bottom are the Es - people entirely dependent on benefits.
So what can the millions spent on market research tell us about "C2s"? Well, that they make up 21% of the population and they are in fact very average.
So what can the millions spent on market research tell us about "C2s"? Well, that they make up 21% of the population and they are in fact very average.
According to market research supplier Mintel, 15% of C2s shop at Morrisons, as opposed to a national average of 12%.
According to market research supplier Mintel, 15% of C2s shop at Morrisons, as opposed to a national average of 12%.
Peter Kay's stand-up: the new working men's clubMintel does not have figures on which newspapers they read, but says 33% read Sunday national papers as opposed to the national average of 37%.
Peter Kay's stand-up: the new working men's clubMintel does not have figures on which newspapers they read, but says 33% read Sunday national papers as opposed to the national average of 37%.
And 41% have had a holiday abroad in the past 12 months, as opposed to 45% nationally.
And 41% have had a holiday abroad in the past 12 months, as opposed to 45% nationally.
Where C2s do stand out is in alcohol consumption. They are the most likely to say they drink lager regularly and they are the least likely to drink beer that is low in alcohol.
Where C2s do stand out is in alcohol consumption. They are the most likely to say they drink lager regularly and they are the least likely to drink beer that is low in alcohol.
Julian Baggini's book Welcome to Everytown is about the six months he spent in the place that most closely reflects the nation in its wealth and demographics - postcode S66 just outside Rotherham.
Julian Baggini's book Welcome to Everytown is about the six months he spent in the place that most closely reflects the nation in its wealth and demographics - postcode S66 just outside Rotherham.
Silenced
Silenced
Baggini says this most "average" of towns was economically middle-class but culturally white and working-class. In Everytown class is a state of mind.
Baggini says this most "average" of towns was economically middle-class but culturally white and working-class. In Everytown class is a state of mind.
"The real shifts tend to be that people can afford to have better versions of what they used to have," he says.
"The real shifts tend to be that people can afford to have better versions of what they used to have," he says.
"So instead of going down the working men's club, they can afford to pay to go to Peter Kay, but Peter Kay is very old-fashioned humour in lots of ways.
"So instead of going down the working men's club, they can afford to pay to go to Peter Kay, but Peter Kay is very old-fashioned humour in lots of ways.
"Just because someone has the trappings of the middle classes doesn't mean they adopt middle-class culture."
"Just because someone has the trappings of the middle classes doesn't mean they adopt middle-class culture."
A tendency to consider the extreme to be the norm, he says, means people searching for working-class life mistakenly go to benefit claimants on a sink estate.
A tendency to consider the extreme to be the norm, he says, means people searching for working-class life mistakenly go to benefit claimants on a sink estate.
So, have the white working class merged with the middle class or have they been brushed aside and silenced?
So, have the white working class merged with the middle class or have they been brushed aside and silenced?
Both are true. The C2s have never been closer to the ABs, but those who missed the middle-class boat have found themselves lost and with a class map that's obsolete.
Both are true. The C2s have never been closer to the ABs, but those who missed the middle-class boat have found themselves lost and with a class map that's obsolete.
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