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| To Jar North, South Korea Used a Pop-Music Barrage | To Jar North, South Korea Used a Pop-Music Barrage |
| (5 months later) | |
| SEOUL, South Korea — Chirpy bubble-gum harmonies bop across the desolate Demilitarized Zone. “Look at me, I’m your genie, your dream, your genie,” the K-pop band Girls’ Generation beckons as grim-faced soldiers patrol the border. | SEOUL, South Korea — Chirpy bubble-gum harmonies bop across the desolate Demilitarized Zone. “Look at me, I’m your genie, your dream, your genie,” the K-pop band Girls’ Generation beckons as grim-faced soldiers patrol the border. |
| In what might be called the Hello Kitty offensive, the relentlessly upbeat girl group, a sugary confection better known for its hot-pants choreography than political statements, has become the latest weapon in the Korean cold war. | In what might be called the Hello Kitty offensive, the relentlessly upbeat girl group, a sugary confection better known for its hot-pants choreography than political statements, has become the latest weapon in the Korean cold war. |
| The group’s hit “Genie” was among the barrage of pop songs and polemics South Korea | |
| blasted across the border this month, driving North Korea to the point of firing artillery and massing troops on the border. | |
| If the latest standoff between North and South Korea proved anything, it is that old-school propaganda, juiced up with a synthesized K-pop beat, still has the power to get under the skin of North Korea’s leadership. Turn off the loudspeakers, the North warned, or face “all-out war.” | If the latest standoff between North and South Korea proved anything, it is that old-school propaganda, juiced up with a synthesized K-pop beat, still has the power to get under the skin of North Korea’s leadership. Turn off the loudspeakers, the North warned, or face “all-out war.” |
| In the age of mass media, government-controlled in the hermetic North, and the Internet, which is banned there, the Cold-War style playing of antagonistic recordings through batteries of loudspeakers remains a provocative act here, largely because both sides deem it so. | In the age of mass media, government-controlled in the hermetic North, and the Internet, which is banned there, the Cold-War style playing of antagonistic recordings through batteries of loudspeakers remains a provocative act here, largely because both sides deem it so. |
| For North Korea’s young leader, Kim Jong-un, the broadcasts puncture, if only slightly, the media blackout in his totalitarian state, where people are supposed to worship him as a demigod, listen only to government broadcasts and have no access to the Internet. | For North Korea’s young leader, Kim Jong-un, the broadcasts puncture, if only slightly, the media blackout in his totalitarian state, where people are supposed to worship him as a demigod, listen only to government broadcasts and have no access to the Internet. |
| “They are an unbearable insult to his pride because they tell front-line North Korean troops, most of them sons of the elites, what they are not supposed to hear,” said Shim Jin-sup, a retired psychological warfare officer in the South Korean military. “They help undermine the total information blackout in the North, Kim’s dignity and the very foundation of his regime.” | “They are an unbearable insult to his pride because they tell front-line North Korean troops, most of them sons of the elites, what they are not supposed to hear,” said Shim Jin-sup, a retired psychological warfare officer in the South Korean military. “They help undermine the total information blackout in the North, Kim’s dignity and the very foundation of his regime.” |
| For the South, they fall under the military’s psychological warfare operations, a bloodless escalation to be deployed in the endless pattern of provoke-negotiate-repeat that has characterized North-South relations since the Korean War ended 60 years ago. | For the South, they fall under the military’s psychological warfare operations, a bloodless escalation to be deployed in the endless pattern of provoke-negotiate-repeat that has characterized North-South relations since the Korean War ended 60 years ago. |
| The South’s Defense Ministry says that the broadcasts advertise the “superiority of a free democracy,” the “happy life of South Koreans” and the “true reality of North Korea,” as well as news about the outside world. The pop songs, which also included hits by the feathery-voiced chanteuse IU and the macho-ish boy-band Bigbang, were aimed at giving North Koreans get a taste of South Korean youth culture, the ministry said. | The South’s Defense Ministry says that the broadcasts advertise the “superiority of a free democracy,” the “happy life of South Koreans” and the “true reality of North Korea,” as well as news about the outside world. The pop songs, which also included hits by the feathery-voiced chanteuse IU and the macho-ish boy-band Bigbang, were aimed at giving North Koreans get a taste of South Korean youth culture, the ministry said. |
| “We do this so that North Koreans can learn that the world is changing,” Kim Min-seok, a ministry spokesman, said in a briefing. “We believe this helps significantly improve human rights of the North.” | “We do this so that North Koreans can learn that the world is changing,” Kim Min-seok, a ministry spokesman, said in a briefing. “We believe this helps significantly improve human rights of the North.” |
| Officials say that depending on the weather and other conditions, the broadcasts can travel up to 12 miles over the border, reaching mostly North Korean border guards but also some front-line villages. | Officials say that depending on the weather and other conditions, the broadcasts can travel up to 12 miles over the border, reaching mostly North Korean border guards but also some front-line villages. |
| Stung by the international news media’s characterization of the broadcasts as propaganda, the Defense Ministry insisted that they be referred to instead as a “voice of hope.” | Stung by the international news media’s characterization of the broadcasts as propaganda, the Defense Ministry insisted that they be referred to instead as a “voice of hope.” |
| “If propaganda attempts to change the other side through distorted and exaggerated facts, what we do is not propaganda,” Kim Min-seok, the ministry spokesman, said. | “If propaganda attempts to change the other side through distorted and exaggerated facts, what we do is not propaganda,” Kim Min-seok, the ministry spokesman, said. |
| These “voices of hope” include calling Kim Jong-un “childish” and “lacking confidence,” according to military officials who heard the recording. | These “voices of hope” include calling Kim Jong-un “childish” and “lacking confidence,” according to military officials who heard the recording. |
| “Kim Jong-un’s incompetent regime is trying to cheat the world with absurd lies,” was another, according to a snippet captured by a South Korean cable channel. | “Kim Jong-un’s incompetent regime is trying to cheat the world with absurd lies,” was another, according to a snippet captured by a South Korean cable channel. |
| “Soldiers of the Korean People’s Army!” one recording said. “Don’t waste your beautiful youth for the North Korean dictatorship but rise up against it!” | “Soldiers of the Korean People’s Army!” one recording said. “Don’t waste your beautiful youth for the North Korean dictatorship but rise up against it!” |
| Not to be outdone, the North began broadcasting its own propaganda, but its decrepit sound system, handicapped by the country’s spotty electricity, went largely unheard on the South Korean side, South Korean officials said. | Not to be outdone, the North began broadcasting its own propaganda, but its decrepit sound system, handicapped by the country’s spotty electricity, went largely unheard on the South Korean side, South Korean officials said. |
| Emblematic of the two countries’ relative economic health, the fences on the South Korean side are ablaze with blinding lights at night to detect infiltrators, while the North is shrouded in darkness. | Emblematic of the two countries’ relative economic health, the fences on the South Korean side are ablaze with blinding lights at night to detect infiltrators, while the North is shrouded in darkness. |
| Dueling propaganda loudspeakers are hardly new. Germany and France exchanged loudspeaker taunts across their front lines in World War II. | Dueling propaganda loudspeakers are hardly new. Germany and France exchanged loudspeaker taunts across their front lines in World War II. |
| Music joined the arsenal as early as the 1960s, when the East blasted Russian martial tunes over the Berlin Wall and the West answered variously with Dixieland and noise trucks. | Music joined the arsenal as early as the 1960s, when the East blasted Russian martial tunes over the Berlin Wall and the West answered variously with Dixieland and noise trucks. |
| The Koreas have harangued each other at the border since 1962, with North Korean loudspeakers urging southerners to defect to the “socialist paradise,” a “country with no taxes,” and on the south side a giant electric billboard flashing the number of cars in “Free South Korea.” | The Koreas have harangued each other at the border since 1962, with North Korean loudspeakers urging southerners to defect to the “socialist paradise,” a “country with no taxes,” and on the south side a giant electric billboard flashing the number of cars in “Free South Korea.” |
| Both sides deployed female voices, echoing over the hills day and night, to lure border soldiers to defect. | Both sides deployed female voices, echoing over the hills day and night, to lure border soldiers to defect. |
| Even after the North’s economy collapsed in the 1990s, the loudspeaker war raged, until 2004 when, during a period of improved relations, both sides agreed to desist. | Even after the North’s economy collapsed in the 1990s, the loudspeaker war raged, until 2004 when, during a period of improved relations, both sides agreed to desist. |
| The speakers remained off until Aug. 10, when the South flicked them back on in response to the wounding of two soldiers by land mines that Seoul said were planted by the North. | The speakers remained off until Aug. 10, when the South flicked them back on in response to the wounding of two soldiers by land mines that Seoul said were planted by the North. |
| If Kim Jong-un feared that his troops, spellbound by the synthesized siren-call of K-pop girl groups, would mutiny, that did not happen. More likely, the broadcasts mainly prick his cult of personality. | If Kim Jong-un feared that his troops, spellbound by the synthesized siren-call of K-pop girl groups, would mutiny, that did not happen. More likely, the broadcasts mainly prick his cult of personality. |
| In the North Korean textbooks, Mr. Kim’s grandfather, Kim Il-sung, single-handedly liberated Korea from Japanese colonial rule. He could turn sand into rice and pine cones into grenades, according to North Korean books and animations. Mr. Kim’s father, Kim Jong-il, held 1,200 titles, including “the Guardian of the Earth.” | In the North Korean textbooks, Mr. Kim’s grandfather, Kim Il-sung, single-handedly liberated Korea from Japanese colonial rule. He could turn sand into rice and pine cones into grenades, according to North Korean books and animations. Mr. Kim’s father, Kim Jong-il, held 1,200 titles, including “the Guardian of the Earth.” |
| Mr. Kim, whose favorite title is “the supreme dignity,” has executed generals for offenses as minor as dozing off in his presence. His uncle was executed for, among other crimes, “halfheartedly clapping his hands” when Mr. Kim entered a conference hall. | Mr. Kim, whose favorite title is “the supreme dignity,” has executed generals for offenses as minor as dozing off in his presence. His uncle was executed for, among other crimes, “halfheartedly clapping his hands” when Mr. Kim entered a conference hall. |
| Loudspeakers from across the border represent one of the few public channels of information he cannot control. The United States-sponsored Radio Free Asia is another. Activists also regularly organize balloon drops, sending hydrogen balloons across the border carrying transistor radios, antigovernment leaflets, and DVDs and computer memory sticks loaded with South Korean movies and soap operas. | Loudspeakers from across the border represent one of the few public channels of information he cannot control. The United States-sponsored Radio Free Asia is another. Activists also regularly organize balloon drops, sending hydrogen balloons across the border carrying transistor radios, antigovernment leaflets, and DVDs and computer memory sticks loaded with South Korean movies and soap operas. |
| “What makes the loudspeakers so exasperating and infuriating for North Korea is that you can’t do anything about them, except having to listen to them or plug your ears,” said Jang Hae-sung, a former North Korean journalist. | “What makes the loudspeakers so exasperating and infuriating for North Korea is that you can’t do anything about them, except having to listen to them or plug your ears,” said Jang Hae-sung, a former North Korean journalist. |
| But beyond provoking Mr. Kim, it is unclear whether they have much effect. | But beyond provoking Mr. Kim, it is unclear whether they have much effect. |
| “Other than episodic cases of defectors who claimed to have defected after listing to the broadcasts or reading leaflets, there is no evidence whatsoever that they are helping North Koreans develop a resistance against their system or a yearning for the South,” said Yang Moo-jin, an analyst at the University of North Korean Studies in Seoul. “They only incite the North into boosting their ideological education and animosity toward the South.” | “Other than episodic cases of defectors who claimed to have defected after listing to the broadcasts or reading leaflets, there is no evidence whatsoever that they are helping North Koreans develop a resistance against their system or a yearning for the South,” said Yang Moo-jin, an analyst at the University of North Korean Studies in Seoul. “They only incite the North into boosting their ideological education and animosity toward the South.” |
| The speakers were turned off again on Tuesday, after the two sides reached an agreement, in exchange for a rare, face-saving expression of “regret” by North Korea over the Southern soldiers’ injuries. The South retained the option of turning them on again if provoked. | The speakers were turned off again on Tuesday, after the two sides reached an agreement, in exchange for a rare, face-saving expression of “regret” by North Korea over the Southern soldiers’ injuries. The South retained the option of turning them on again if provoked. |